Grammar:Modalverbs情态动词情态动词(modalverbs):表示说话人的语气或情态,如请求、命令、愿望、能力以及可能性等。英语的情态动词有:can/couldmay/mightmustshall/shouldwill/wouldneedhaveto能够可能必须应该意愿敢需要不得不+动词原形肯定否定缩写否定cancannotcan’tcouldcouldnotcouldn’tmaymaynot/mightmightnotmightn’tmustmustnotmustn’tshouldshouldnotshouldn’tneedneednotneedn’t一、情态意义表示法1.表示“能力”和“可能”a)表示“能力”,可用can,could,beabletocan既能表示现在的能力,也表示将来的能力。Eg.Look!Icandoit.Ican’tdoitnow,butIcandoitlater.现在“能力”:can,beableto•AsIhavegotenoughmoney,Ican/amabletohelpher.Can:1.某桩具体事情:eg.Icanclimbthiscliff.2.泛指一般的“能力”:•Hecandriveacar.•Shecan’tplaythepiano.将来“能力”:•通常will/shallbeableto•I’llbeabletospeakGermaninanothertwomonths•具体某事:can•Canyougoandseehimtomorrowmorning?•IfIcan,Iwilldoit.过去“能力”:could,was/wereableto肯定句:•Could:一般能力•Shecouldplaythepianowhenshewasonlysix.•was/wereableto(及managedto):具体事件•Hewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutadictionary.•Italkedalongtime,andintheendmanagedtomakeherbelieveme.在否定句中,could既可以表示过去一般能力,也可表示过去某具体事情的能力.•Icouldn’t/wasn’tabletoplaythepianowhenIwasatschool.b)表示“可能”,可用may,might,can,couldmay/might:1.既可以表示现在的可能,也可表示将来的可能,might在口气上比may更委婉•现在:Itmay/mightbetrue.•将来:Hemay/mightleavetomorrow.2.在疑问句中,用can,不用may。•Cantheyhavemissedthebus?•Yes,theymayhave.maynot重音落在助动词上,表示“不可能”,重音落在否定词上,表示“不许可”,比较:•Hemaynotgotomorrow.•Hemaynotgotomorrow.•所以在书面语中,表示“不可能”常用can’tcan/could表示现在的可能,口气上could比较委婉That’snotmine.Whosecanitbe?ItcouldbeJohn’s.can常用于否定句和疑问句,而could不受此限。Ifyoudon’thaveaguide,youcouldloseyourway.Itcan’t/couldn’tbetrue.Can/couldthenewsbetrue?在肯定陈述句中,may与can的比较:Can指逻辑上的可能性,may指事实上的可能性•Theroadcanbeblocked.(按逻辑可能会堵,)•Theroadmaybeblocked.(可能现在正堵着,事实上)•MrReedisinpoorhealth.Hecanbeillatanytime.•MrReedlookspale.Hemaybeill.“may/might+havedone/havebeendoing”,“can/could+havedone”表示过去的可能。Hemay/mighthavemissedthetrain.Shemay/mighthavebeenexpressinghertruefeelingsatthatmoment.Shecan’t/couldn’thavemissedthetrain.“might/could+havedone”可以表示本来可能发生但没有发生的,或者本来可能完成却没有完成的动作,Youmighthavefinishedtheworklastweek.Icouldhavepassedtheexamination,butIfailed.2表示“许可”和“不许”a)请求对方“许可”可用can,could,may,might.may/might较正式,could/might较委婉表示给予“许可”通常用can/may,而不用could/mightCouldIuseyourphone?Yes,ofcourseyoucan.MightItroubleyouforalight?Youmayindeed.b)表示“不许”可用maynot或者cannot•CanIgooutforamoment?•No,youcan’t.•MayIuseyourcarforafewdays?•No,youmaynot.maynot也可表示根据一般规定的“不许可”,而不是说话人不许可•Borrowersmaynottakeoutofthelibrarymorethantwobooksatatime.maynot表示“不许可”的过去式不是mightnot•Hemaynotgo.(=Idon’tpermithimtogo.)•Hemightnotgo.(=Possiblyhewillnotgo.)过去的不许可:Hewasnotallowedtogo.3表示“义务”和“必然”a)表示“义务”,可用should,oughtto,must.表示要求,命令时,语气由oughtto、should、must渐强Should/oughtto表示“应该”,带有敦促,劝说之意,可交替使用,前者语气更强。•Youshould/oughttodrinkless.Should/oughtto+havedone:本应该……•Youshould/oughttohaveaskedmypermissionfirst.Must表示敦促或命令,必须。•Ireallymuststopsmoking.表示将来的“必须”,常用haveto的一定形式(will/shallhaveto)比较:•Wemustdoitagain.(表示现在)•We’llhavetodoitagain.(表示将来)•表示过去的“必须”,常用hadto•Ihadtoleaveatsixyesterday.must有两种否定形式:第一个是mustnot,表示“不许”、“禁止”,相应的半助动词是beto的否定形式benotto•Youmustn’ttalklikethat.•Youarenottotalklikethat.(不许你如此讲话。)第二个否定形式是needn’t,表示不必。与needn’t相当的动词形式是don’tneedto/don’thaveto/haven’tgottoA:Mustyouleavesoon?B:No,Ineedn’t/don’tneedto/don’thaveto/haven’tgotto.必须:must与havetomust侧重于说话人的主观意志haveto侧重客观需要•HemustsayitinEnglish.(Iwanthimtodoso.)•HehavetosayitinEnglish.(Hedoesn’tknowChinese.)在特定语境中,用will也可表示“义务”,常用于第二人称主语,这实际上是强化的祈使句。•Youwillwaitoutsidethegate.•Brian!Youwillclosethedoor.b)表示“必然”,可用should,oughtto和must(一般用于陈述句),其中must口气最为肯定。都指说话人根据一定情况做出推测或判断.•Sheshouldbehereinaminute•Theseyoungtreesoughttoprovideshadeintenyears.•Allmenmustdie.oughtto(表示“推测”)的否定形式是oughtn’tto•Yououghtn’ttohaveanydifficultygettingthetickets.如果是推测过去的事态,则用must+havedone•Youmusthaveleftyourhandbaginthetheatre.表示推测的must的否定形式是can’t不是mustnot•IfFreddidn’tleavehomebeforefive,hecan’tbethereyet.4表示“预见”和“推测”a)表示“预见”,即表示“单纯将来”,可用will/shall+不定式,shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称。现在一般will可用于一切人称表“将来”•IwillbeadifferentpersonwhenIliveinEngland.•Youwillbehearingfromme.•Shewillprobablylastlongerthanyouwill.•Itwillraintomorrow.非正式语体中,will常用语第一人称主语表将来,常用will、shall的缩写’ll,模糊了其界限。I’llcomeinafterchurchandgiveyouahand.b)表示“推测”,除用should,oughtto,和must外,还可用will/would(语气仅次于must)。•Theyshould/oughttobehomebynow.(他们现在该到家了)•Theywouldbehomebynow.(他们现在大概到家了)•Theywillbehomebynow.(我估计他们现在一定到家了)•Theymustbehomebynow.(他们现在一定到家了)will/would表示“推测”可有三种情况1)对特定事态的推测A:Who’sthatmanoverthere?B:ThatwillbeGeorge,nodoubt.C:ThatwouldbeGeorge,Iexcept.2)对某些习惯性事态的推测,will指现在习惯,would指过去习惯Hewillworkalldaywithoutarest.Beforehisretirementhewouldcatchtheearlybuseverymorning.3)对某些不受时限的客观过程的推测,只用will,表示现在时间,可与一般现在时的类似用法交替使用。Pigswilleatanything.=Pigseatanything.5表示“意愿”、“意图”和“决心”,a)表示意愿都可用will,would,shall。will用于一切人称的主语,可缩写,will相当于bewillingto,•Iwilllendyouthemoneyifyouneedit.•Mysisterwillhelpyouwiththeluggage.•Youcanhelpmeifyouwill.Will用于第二,三人称的疑问句,是询问别人是否愿意做某事,请求•Willyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?此时,will=wouldyou,wouldyouplease,wouldyoubegoodenoughto,wouldyouliketo,wouldyoubesokindasto表示接受请求时,用will不用wouldWouldyoulendmeyourpenaminute?—Certainly,Iwill.表示不愿意,用willnot/won’t•Iwillnotdoanyt