环境工程进展教案-16-01

EnvironmentalEngineeringProgress环境工程进展张富韬第一次课MaincontentToreviewLastlessoncontent(firstclass)ToteachthislessoncontentTopreparenextlessoncontent一、Contentoflastlesson(first)二、Contentofthislesson《环境工程进展》课程（课程编码：11431041）是环境工程专业的一门基础选修课程。重点介绍：环境工程领域现有的成果和研究热点，以及环境污染治理未来的发展趋势。教学目的：拓展知识体系深度和广度，培养创新意识和科研洞察力。内容：（1）绪论、（2）水文学及水质管理、（3）废水处理、（4）大气污染、（5）其他(噪声污染、固体废物管理、电离辐射)和（6）环境工程研究最新进展。Arrangementandexamination学时安排：共16学时。考核：平时10%＋小论文20%＋期末考试（闭卷笔试）70%＝100分Chapter1Introduction1.1BothpresentconditionandnewtrendofenvironmentalpollutionEnvironmentisthebaseofbothhumanlivinganddevelopment,thematerialworld,onwhichhumanlivingdependsandcentershuman.环境：是指人类赖以生存并以人为中心围绕人的物质世界，是人类生存和发展的基础。Environmentisdividedintonaturalenvironmentandsocialenvironment(humansociety).1.1BothpresentconditionandnewtrendofenvironmentalpollutionNaturalenvironment(accordingtoaffectedfactors):·Physicalenvironment–weather,hydrology,geology,andnoise,radioactivity,electromagnetismandetc·Chemicalenvironment-chemicalmaterials·Biologicalenvironment–animal,plant,microorganism1.1BothpresentconditionandnewtrendofenvironmentalpollutionThefour-levelofnaturalenvironment:·Settlementenvironment–humanresideswhichmaybedividedintovillage,city,zone,nationandworld(聚落环境――人类居住的环境，可以分为村落、城市、区域、国家和世界环境)·Geographyenvironment–atmosphere,hydrosphere,pedosphereandbiospherearebetweenthetropospheretopborderandboththeweatheringcrustandrockstratumlowborder,whoseheightisfrom10to20km(地理环境――以对流层顶为上界，以风化壳及成岩层底部为下界之间的大气圈、水圈、土壤圈和生物圈，厚度约为10－20公里)·Geologyenvironment–fromtheearth'scrusttothecoreoftheearth,mineralresources(地质环境――地壳层一直到地核内部，矿产资源)·Universeenvironment–universespace(宇宙环境――宇宙空间)1.1Bothpresentconditionandnewtrendofenvironmentalpollution●Environmentalpollutionsomematerial,organismorenergy,whichgetinvolvedintheenvironment,resultinchangesinthephysical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheenvironmentsotheymayaffecttheenvironmentalquality,doharmtohumanhealthordestroytheecosystem.环境污染：是指由于介入环境中某种物质、生物或能量而导致其物理、化学、生物或者放射性等方面特性的改变，从而影响环境的质量，危害人类健康或者破坏生态系统的现象。●Environmentalprotectionisdefinedasutilizingtheresourcesreasonably,preventingenvironmentalpollutionanddestruction,protectinganddevelopingecologicalbalance,extendingthereproductionofusefulnaturalresourcesorensurethedevelopmentofhumansocietybylawful,administrative,economicandtechnologicalmeasures.环境保护：采取法律的、行政的、经济的和科技的措施，合理地利用资源，防止环境污染和破坏，以求保护和发展生态平衡、扩大有用自然资源的再生产、保障人类社会的发展。1.1.1PresentconditionofenvironmentalpollutionAfterindustrialrevolution,theproductivepowerwasdevelopedgreatly.工业革命后，生产力得到了很大发展·ManypoisonoussmogaccidentsoccurredinLondonUK.(1831)·DischargedwastegasesfromcopperminespollutedalotofbothforestsandcropsinAshio(足尾)Japan.TheproductivepowerwasdevelopedgreatlybeforeandaftertheSecondWorldWar.·Foreigneightpublichazardincidents·ThepoisonousmatterwasmonitoredinicelayersofbothArcticPoleandtheSouthPole.1.1.1PresentconditionofenvironmentalpollutionAccidentnamePollutantsPlaceTimeMeuseRiverValleysmogsmokedustsulfurdioxide马斯河谷Belgium1930Donora:AirPollutionEpisodeSameasabove多诺拉USA1948LondonsmogincidentsSameasabove伦敦UK1952LosAngelessmogPhotochemicalsmog洛杉矶USA1943Minamataincidentmethylmercury水俣Japan1953Tomiyamaincident（骨痛病）cadmium富山Japan1931Yokkaincident（哮喘病）SO2、coaldust、heavymetals、dust四日Japan1955Ricebranoilincident米糠油事件Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)AichiJapan九州爱知县1968Table1.1Foreigneightpublichazardincidents1.1.1PresentconditionofenvironmentalpollutionAfterward,environmentalprotectionwaspaidmoreandmoreattentiontointhedevelopedcountriesintheworld,measuresweretakenaccordingly,toagreatextent,andtheenvironmentalqualitywasimproved.However,theenvironmentalpollutionwasstillsevereinthedevelopingcountries.Thepresentconditionofwaterenvironmentalpollutioninourcountry:·In2000,surfacewaterofChinamain7drainageareaswascommonlypollutedbyorganicmatter.·2000,contaminationdegreesequenceisLIAO,HAI,HUAI,HAUNG,SONGHUA,ZHU,YANGTSE.(heavytolight)辽河、海河、淮河、黄河、松花江、珠江和长江·In2001,surfacewaterofChinamain7drainageareaswaspollutedbyorganicmatter,therewasnochangeorheaviertrendcomparedwiththatof2000.·In2001,eutrophicationinlakesorreservoirs.·In2001,environmentalqualitiesofmostoffshoreseawaterskeptwell.RedtideoccurredinEastsea,Bohaisea,HuangseaandSouthsea.1.1.2Newtrendofenvironmentalpollution(developingcountries)·Resourcesoverdeveloped,destroyenvironment–severeecologicalresult·Resourcesseverelywasted,lowutilizationpercentage·Outburstenvironmentalincidents.(如：中国石油吉林石化公司爆炸事故)·Severenoisepollution(environmentalcomplaintabout70%)·OtherpollutionCharacteristicsofenvironmentalpollutioninourcountry:Ecologicalretrogression,severepollution.生态退化，污染严重。1.1.2Newtrendofenvironmentalpollution(developingcountries)Example中国石油吉林石化公司爆炸事故发生后，监测发现苯类污染物流入松花江，造成水质污染。苯类污染物是对人体健康有危害的有机物。吉化公司东10号线入江口水样有强烈的苦杏仁气味，苯、苯胺、硝基苯、二甲苯等主要污染物指标均超过国家规定标准。吉林、黑龙江省人民政府启动了突发环境事件应急预案，采取措施确保群众饮水安全。黑龙江省财政专门安排1000万元资金专项用于污染事件应急处理。下图是2005年11月，航拍受污染的松花江。1.1.2Newtrendofenvironmentalpollution(developingcountries)1.1.2Newtrendofenvironmentalpollution(developingcountries)1.2Mainfieldsinenvironmentalengineering·Waterqualitypurific