道路条件交通安全英文文献翻译

VisionZero–ImplementingapolicyfortrafficsafetyThescopeofthispaperistooutline,inageneralway,thesafetyphilosophyinherentinpresentroad-andstreetdesign,tracetheoriginofthisphilosophy,andtopresenttheprinciplesforanewdesignofstreetsandroads.Itwillbearguedthatdeficienciesinthepresentroaddesignphilosophyarethemaincauseoftheglobalroadsafetycrisis,clearlyindicatingitsman-madenature.AbriefdescriptionismadeofthedecisionprocessleadingtotheestablishmentofVisionZeroasSweden’sTrafficSafetyPolicyin1997.Followingananalysisoftheproblem,suggestionsaremadeforfindingsolutions.ThesolutionsarebasedonsomeoftheprinciplesinVisionZero.Theyincludeanewbasicmechanismforcreatingerror-toleranceintheroadsystem,andnewdesignprinciplesforroad-andstreetdesign.Thetraditionof“blamingthevictim”isherebyquestionedandfocusisputontheneedforprofessionalstoactbasedonthesenewstandards.Duringthelast10yearsthefatalitiesinSwedenhavedroppedfromapproximately550/yearto450/year.Roadsredesignedwithmedianbarriershavean80%reductioninfatalities.Streetswith30km/hdesignspeedshowsimilarresults.ThisindicatesthatmeasuresderivedfromVisionZerostrategyareeffectivebutthatlargescaleimplementationhasnotyetbeendone.1.TheprocessTheSwedishRoadAdministration(SRA)hadanoverallresponsibilityforRoadTrafficSafetyinSwedensince1993.ThisresponsibilitywasfurtherclarifiedbytheGovernmentin1996.SwedenhasverysmallMinistries(numberofpersonnel).AsaconsequenceAdministrationsliketheSRAoftenhavesemi-politicaltaskslikedevelopmentofpoliciesandtargets.Decisionsonpolicy,longtermtargetsandoverallbudgetsaremadebytheGovernmentortheParliamentbutdevelopmentismadeintheAdministration.Followingtheelectionsintheautumn1994SwedengotanewMinisterforTransportation.TheMinisterdeclaredthattrafficsafetywouldbeoneofherpriorities.AdialogwasstartedbetweentheMinister’sStaffandtheSRAonhowtheMinistercouldmaketrafficsafetyaprioritizedsubject.Inthespringof1994theSRAtogetherwiththemajorstakeholdersfortrafficsafetyhadpresentedashorttermprogramforactionfortheyearsof1994–2000.Ithadthecharacterofcontinuingearlierworkbutwithmoreemphasisoncooperationbetweenkeyactorsandfocusonresults.DirectlyafterthisprogramwaslaunchedtheSRAstartedtodevelopsomebasicideasforalongtermstrategyfortrafficsafety.Ithadbeenrecognisedforsometimethatthecontemporarytrafficsafetyparadigmhadsomeproblems(Johansson,1991).Partofthisproblemwasalackofexpectedbenefitsofmanymeasures,somethingthatwasrecognisedbyamongothersGeraldWilde(bestdescribedinWilde,2001).AcomprehensiveoverviewcanbefoundinOECD(1990).Thenewsafetyparadigm,VisionZeroisbuiltaroundthebasicideathatevenifnotallcrashesorcollisionscanbeavoided,allsevereinjuriescan,inprinciple,beavoided.Thebasicideawastobuilda“safesystem”whereallpredictedcrashesandcollisionshadtolerablehealthlosses.TheMinisterandherStaffrecognisedthatitwaspossibletoworkwiththeideasbehindVisionZeroinapoliticalsettingandquicklyadoptedthebasicideas,developedatext(translatedinBelinetal.,1997),andtookittotheParliamentin1997,whereitwasacceptedbyallpoliticalparties(Tingvall,1998).Sincethen,theParliamenthasrepeatedthisdecisiononanumberofoccasions.Thenotionof“VisionZero”hasbecomesynonymouswiththeconceptof“highpoliticalambitions”inanumberofotherareasaswell.TheGovernmentin2008tookadecisiononaVisionZeroforsuicide.MuchofthepoliticaldebateonVisionZerobetween1995andtheParliament’sdecisionin1997wasconcentratedonthequestion”Howmanyfatalitiescanweaccept?”AtthistimeSwedenhadaround500fatalitiesinroadtrafficperyear.Comparisonswheremadewiththesafetylevelforothertransportmodes,(clearlyazerofatalitygoal),occupationalsafety(about50fatalitiesannually),electricity(aboutfivefatalitiesannually).Fromthispoliticalanalysisitwasconcludedthatazerofatalitytargetwastheonlyjustifiabletargetforroadtraffic.DuringthesametimeperiodSRAanditsnetworkconcentratedworkondevelopingstrategiesforradicallyloweringfatalityrisksinroadtraffic,typicallyaimingatreducingfatalityriskswithafactor10.Examplesfollowlaterinthispaper.2.VisionZeroIn1997theSwedishParliamentpassedabillonTrafficSafetywhereitwasstatedthat:“VisionZeromeansthateventuallynoonewillbekilledorseriouslyinjuredwithintheroadtransportsystem.”VisionZerodoesnotpresumethatallaccidentsthatresultinpersonalpropertydamageorinlessseriousinjuriesmustbeeliminated.TheseoccurrencesarenotconsideredtobeanessentialelementintheroadtrafficsafetyproblemeveniftheycanentaillargecostsfortheState,countycouncils,municipalitiesandindividuals.Rather,focusshallbeplacedonthoseincidentsthatleadtoapersonbeingkilledorseriouslyinjured.VisionZeroalsoproposesanethicalapproachtothehealthproblemsassociatedwithroadtraffic:“Itcanneverbeethicallyacceptablethatpeoplearekilledorseriouslyinjuredwhenmovingwithintheroadtransportsystem.”VisionZeroissaidtobealong-termgoalforthedesignandfunctioningoftheroadtransportsystem.WhatisimportantistorealisethattheVisionZeroapproachwillaltertheaimoftheworkonroadtrafficsafety;i.e.,fromattemptingtoreducethenumberofaccidentstotheformulationofanexplicitgoal:toeliminatetheriskofchronichealthimpairmentcausedbyatrafficaccident.Thisnewapproachwillal