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1,2111[1.(),100083;2.(),100083],,,,,,,,1,,,1111%,214%112%1000m2195t,53%[1],812m,10100250m[223],,1197m1159m1100m1059m1055m1008m1000m2010001500m11,,,,8000t/,45,201021,20206,20203171t,62%,220t,57%[4],120073,9001100m,21000m,750m,1000m,1050m,38,850m,2/535,1020,10002000m[529],80,1000m,Anglogold,3700m,WestDriefovten600m,6000mKolar,2400m,112,3260m,8910m,1570m,20002500m,1000m20601960,650m,1987900m;2080600m22,,,,,2[1,2,4,10217]2080,1983,1600m(),1600m1989,,()(,),,,,,,19987DeepMine,1138,10220073,,Idaho,,,,,,,,,,,211(1)-,VonKarman(1911),[18],[19220],-[21],,1000MPa,,,,,,,[22223]-[24]101,-,-,-,[25],,-,,,-,,[26227][28],[29230],-,,,-,-,(2),,[31232],320073,,,[33234],[35]()[36],[37],2,400m,[33234,38239],,,500mm/[39],,,,(waterinducedstresscorrosion),[40],Forsmark,1000,3m[41](3)[42],[43],,,[24],,,,212[44245],600m8001000m,2140MPa30%24%,81100MPa515%2415%,,[23],(700MPa),[46],200280,,,,,,,,,[47],,[48],,[49],,,(),(foreshocks),,,[50]213,,,,420073,,,,,,,[51253];,,,,[54258],,[59260][61]3,311(1),(20MPa),(40MPa),,,,,35005000m,95135MPa(2),,3050/km,30/km,200/km,,1014015MPa(3),,,1000m,7MPa,,312,,,,,;,,,4411520073,,33,,(),,,11()&&412,,,,(1),[62],,,,,(E1I1Shemyakin)[63],(2),,,,[64265],20,10m[33234,39],,500mm/,,,,,,[65267],,(),(3),(),,[48,68269](4)[18,21,23224],,,(),,;,,,,,,[47](5)620073,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,5,,,,,(1),(),,(100m,3050m),,,,(2),,(3)198462,,,27,(4),,,,,,10114,40%,,,,,,,,(5),,3040,52,3000m70,(6),,,1070%600m,,7200736,,,,,,()(1),,,,,(2),,,,,,,,,,,(3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,(4),,,,,,,,,7,(1),,,,(2)(),,,,,,,,,,,,820073,,,,(3):,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,(5),,(ductile),,,,,,,,(6),,,,,,,,,(7),,,,,,,(8),,,,920073,,,,,,,(9),(),,,(),,,,(10),,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,821,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:[1].[A].()[C].,:,2002.1792191.[2].[A].[C].,:,2004.88294.[3].0120073[A].:[C].:,1996.1217.[4].[A].()[C].,:,2002.1922201.[5]DieringDH,Ultra2DeepLevelMin2ing.FutureRequirements[J].Jour2nalofTheSouthAfricanInstituteofMiningandMetallurgy,1997,97(6):2492255.[6]GurtuncaRG,KeynoteLecture,MiningBelow3000mandChallengesfortheSouthAfricanGoldMiningIndustry[A].ProceedingsofMe2chanicsofJointedandFracturedRock[C].Bulkema,1998,3210.[7]DieringDH.Tunnelsunderpressureinanultra2deepwifwatersrandgoldmine[J].JournaloftheSouthAfri2canInstituteofMiningandMetallur2gy,2000,3192324.[8]VogelM,AndrastHP.Alptransit2safetyinconstructionasachallenge,healthandsafetyaspectsinverydeeptunnelconstruction[J].TunnelingandUndergroundSpaceTechnology,2000,15(4):4812484.[9]JohnsonRA,Schweitzer,Miningatultra2depth,evaluationofalterna2tives[A].In:Proceedingsof2ndNorthAmericaRockMechanicsSym2posium[C].NARMS?96,Mont2real,1996.3592366.[10]SellersEJ,KlerckP.Modelingoftheeffectofdiscontinuitiesontheextentofthefracturezonesur2roundingdeeptunnels[J].Tunne2lingAndUndergroundSpaceTech2nology,2000,15(4):4632469.[11]Kidybinski.Stratacontrolindeepmines[M].Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1990.[12]FairhurstC.Deformation,yield,ruptureandstabilityofexcavationsatgreatdepth[A].RockatGreatDepth[C].MauryandFourmain2trauxeds.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1989,110321114.[13]MalanDF,SpottiswoodeSM.Time2dependentfracturezonebe2haviorandseismicitysurroundingdeeplevelstoppingoperations[A].RockburstandSeismicityinMines[C].GibowiczandLasockieds,Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1997,1732177.[14].[A].[C].,:,2004.10217.[15].[R].230,2004.[16].20[J].,2000,19(1):124.[17]JunSun,SijingWang.Rockme2chanicsandrockengineeringinchi2na:developmentsandcurrentstate2of2the2art[J].InternationalJournalofRockMechanicsandMiningSci2ence,2000,(37):4472465.[18]PatersonMS.Experimentalde2formationandfaultinginWombeyanmarble.Bull.Geol.Soc.Am.,1958,69:4652467.1120073[19]MogiK.Deformationandfractureofrocksunderconfiningpressure:elasticityandplasticityofsomerocks.Bull.EarthquakeRes.Inst.TokyoUniv.,1965,43:3492379.[20]MogiK.Pressuredependenceofrockstrengthandtransitionfrombrittlefracturetoductileflow.Bull.EarthquakeRes.Inst.TokyoUniv.,1966,44:2152232.[21]PatersonMS.ExperimentalRockDeformation2theBrittleField.Ber2lin:Springer,1978.[22]HeardHC.TransitionfrombrittlefracturetoductileflowinSolenhofenlimestoneasafunctionoftemperature,confiningpressure,andinterstitialflu2idpressure.Bull.Geol.Soc.Am.,1960,79:1932226.[23]SinghJetal.Strengthofrocksatdepth[A].In:Maury&Fourmain2trauxeds.Rockatgreatdepth,1989.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema.37244.[24]KwasniewskiMA.LawsofbrittlefailureandofB2Dtransitioninsand2stone.In:MauryandFourmain2trauxeds.RockatGreatDepth,Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1989,45258.[25],.[M].:,2001.17238.[26]MeissnerR.,KusznirN.J..Crus2talviscosityandthereflectivityofthelowercrust.Ann.Geophys.,1987,5B:3652373.[27]RanalliG,MurphyDC.Rheologicalstratificationofthelithosphere.Tec2tonophysics,1987,132:2812295.[28]ShimadaM.Lithospherestrengthinferredfromfracturestrengthofrocksathighconfiningpressuresandtemperatures.Tectonophysics,1993,217:55264.[29]SibsonRH.Faultrocksandfaultmechanism.J.Geol.Soc.London,1977,133:1912213.[30]SibsonRH.Powerdissipationandstresslevelsonfaultsintheuppercrust.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:623926247.[31]BlacicJ.D.Importanceofcreepfailureofhardrockjointsinthenearfieldofanuclearwasterepository[A].In:Proc.Wo