2011(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealitserroneousnature.(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.46.艾伦的贡献在于研究了一个大家都认可的假设,即:因为我们不是机器人,所以我们能控制我们的思想,并且揭示了这一假设的错误本质。47.尽管我们能够只通过有意识的思维来维持控制这种幻觉,但实际上我们不断面临这样一个问题:“为什么我自己不能够做到这件事情或者完成那件事情?”48.这近乎是在为忽视那些需要帮助的人做辩护,以及对剥削现象、对那些处于顶层人的优越感以及底层人的自卑感所做出的一种合理解释。49.环境似乎是为了激发我们的最大潜能,而且如果我们感觉上天对我们不公平,那么我们不可能开始有意识地努力去摆脱我们当时的处境。50.好的一面是,我们了解既然万事都取决于我们,那么就有无限可能。以前我们是好手,熟练地应付诸多限制;现在我们成为主宰,决定“什么将是可能”2010(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescue/withsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffect/thatinsectswouldeatusup/ifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.(47)but/wehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmitting/thatbirdsshouldcontinue/asamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.(48)Timewas/whenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidence/thatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgame/bykillingthephysicallyweak,/orthat/theypreyonlyonworthlessspecies.(49)InEurope,/whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,/thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,/tobepreservedassuch,/withinreason.(50)Ittendstoignore,/andthuseventuallytoeliminate,/manyelementsinthelandcommunity/thatlackcommercialvalue,/butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.46.科学家们急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚,其大意是:如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。47.但是我们至少近乎承认,无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值,它们自有生存下去的权利。48.曾几何时,生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据,即,这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲,没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员,并得到相应的保护。50.这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运行至关重要的物种,而最终导致它们的灭绝。2009(46)Itmaybesaidthat/themeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitution/isitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;/butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.⊙(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,/andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.(48)While/itiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,/itisnotsoeasy/asindealingwithadults.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththem/istoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherorno/weareformingthepowers/whichwillsecurethisability.⊙(50)Weare/thusledtodistinguish,/withinthebroadeducationalprocess/whichwehavebeensofarconsidering,/amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.46.虽然我们可以说任何一个社会机构价值的衡量标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用,但是这种作用并不是其最初动机的组成部分。47.人们只是逐渐才注意到机构的这一副产品,而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。48.虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们性情所产生的影响,然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。49.由于我们对年轻人的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融,因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。50.这就使得我们得以在迄今为止一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式,即直接讲授或学校教育。2008(46)hebelieves/thatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,/andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.46.他相信,正是这种困难或许补偿了他的缺点,发挥他的优势,以使他能长时间专注的思考每一个句子;因此,使他能在推理中和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。(47)Heasserted,also,/thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,/forwhichreasonhefeltcertain/thathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.47.他还断言,在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上,他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此,他曾确信自己在形而上学和数学方面本来就不该获得成功。(48)Ontheotherhand,/hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,/whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.48.另一方面,他不接受一些批评家对他的指责;同时,他还发现,对于这些指责,尽管他自己善于观察,但是他也无法加以推理。(49)Headdshumbly/thatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthings/whicheasilyescapeattention,/andinobservingthemcarefully.”(50)Darwinwasconvinced/thatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,/butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,/andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.49.他谦卑地补充道,或许他“和普通人比起来,更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西,更能够对此加以详细地观察”。50.达尔文认为,失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣,不仅失去了幸福,而且还可能损伤智力,甚至可能会伤害道德。&2007(46)Traditionally,/legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,/ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.(47)Ontheother,/itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamanner/whichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.(48)Buttheidea/thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.(49)Infact,/itisdifficulttosee/howjournalists/whodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,/itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotion