英语直接引语和间接引语

直接引语和间接引语（DirectSpeechandindirectSpeech)1直接引语：直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。例如：MrBlacksaid,“I'mbusy”布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）1、直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。1）人称的变化a)Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.他说他非常喜欢它。b)Hesaidtome,“I'veleftmybookinyourroom.”他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinmyroom.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。2）时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。时态的变化例句直接引语间接引语一般现在时→一般过去时Hesaid,“I'mafraidIcan'tfinishthiswork.”Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn'tfinishthatwork.现在进行时→过去进行时Hesaid,“I'musingtheknife.”Hesaidthathewasusingtheknife.现在完成时→过去完成时Shesaid,“IhavenotheardfromhimsinceMay.”ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.一般过去时→过去完成Hesaid,“Icametohelpyou.”Hesaidthathehadcometohelpme.过去完成时不变Hesaid,“Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”Hesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforesupper.3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：变化例句直接引语间接引语this-that这个-那个Shesaid,“Iwillcomethismorning.Shesaidthatshewouldgothatmorning.these-those这些=那些Hesaid,Thesebooksaremine.Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis.now-then现在-那时Hesaid,Itisnine0'clocknow.Hesaidthatitwasnine0'clockthen.today-thatday今天-那天Hesaid,Ihaven'tseenhertoday.Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.yesterday-thedaybefore昨天-前一天shesaid,Iwentthereyesterday.Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.tomorrow-thenext(following)day明天-第二天shesaid,I'llgotheretomorrow.Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenext(following)day.here-there这里-那里come-go来-去注：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Hesaid,Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.(2)如果在当地转述，here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go.如果在当天转述yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语变间接引语。见下表。分类连接词例句注意事项补充说明当直接引语为“陈述句”时连接词：that（口语中常常省略）Hesays,“Iwillgototheparktomorrow.”--Hesays(that)hewillgototheparktomorrow.Hesaid,“Iwillgototheparktomorrow.”--Hesaid(that)hewouldgototheparktomorrow.Hesaidtome,“youcanhelpher.”--Hesaidtome(that)Icouldhelpher..1.连接词：that2.人称：1主，2宾，3不变3.时态。1.黑体部分是连接词。斜体部分为间接引语部分。2.间接引语部分均为陈述语序。3.间接引语部分实际上是宾语从句，连接词之间的叫主句。4.当主句是一般现在时态，间接引语部分与直接引语的时态相同。5.当主句是一般过去时态，间接引语部分变为相应的过去时态。当直接引语是“一般疑问句”时。连接词：if或者whether.可译为：是否Heaskedme,“Areyougoodatmath?’---HeaskedmeifIwasgoodatmath.HeaskedAmy,“Doyouloveme?”---HeaskedAmywhethershelovedhim.Heasksme,“Isshereading?”---Heasksmeifsheisreading.1.连接词：if,whether2.语序：改为“陈述语序”。（去掉：Do,Does,Did改变Are,Is,Will,Can…位置）3.人称：1主，2宾，3不变4.时态。当直接引语为“特殊疑问句”时。连接词：直接引语中的特殊疑问词。Heaskedhiswife,“Howareyou?”---Heaskedhiswifehowshewas.Heaskedme,“Whatcolordoyoulike?”---HeaskedmewhatcolorIliked.Heasksme,“wherewillshego3dayslater.”---Heasksmewhereshewillgo3dayslater.1.连接词：特殊疑问词2.语序：改为“陈述语序”。（去掉：Do,Does,Did改变Are,Is,Will,Can…位置）3.人称：1主，2宾，3不变4.时态。当直接引语为“祈使句”时没有连接词。用:ask(tell)sb.todosth改写。或tell(ask)sb.nottodosth.改写HesaidtoAmy,“Becareful!”--HeaskedAmytobecareful.Heshouted,“Lily,Closethedoor.”--HetoldLilytoclosethedoor.Hesaidtome,“Don’tbelate.”--Heaskedmenottobelate.1.不用连接词2.不改变时态。3.无须考虑语序4.人称：1主，2宾，3不变1.斜体部分为间接引语部分。2.间接引语部分是动词不定式，在句中作宾语补足语。重点概括：直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。1.时态变化：直接引语：一般现在时间接引语：一般过去时直接引语：现在进行时间接引语：过去进行时直接引语：一般将来时间接引语：过去将来时直接引语：现在完成时间接引语：过去完成时直接引语：一般过去时间接引语：过去完成时2．人称变化：SheaskedJack，Wherehaveyoubeen?SheaskedJackwherehehadbeen．3．指示代词的变化：thisthat；thesethoseHesaid,Thesebooksaremine．Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis．4．时间状语的变化：nowthen；todaythatday；yesterdaythedaybefore；tomorrowthenextday／thefollowingdayMyfathersaid，“Iworkedheretwentyyearsago．Myfathersaidthathehadworkedtheretwentyyearsbefore．5．地点状语的变化：herethereHeaskedme，“HowcanIgethere?Heaskedmehowhecouldgetthere.直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：1．陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略。2．一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether,said改为asked,句子用陈述语序。3．特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。4．语法知识归纳直接引语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式，并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上tell，ask，order等词，如果是否定式，不定式前面加not。Openthewindow,theteachersaidtotheboy．Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow．Tellhimtocomein,thebosssaidtothesecretary．Thebosstoldthesecretarytotellhimtocomein．Don'tleavethedooropen,hesaid．Hetoldusnottoleavethedooropen.