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PartOneManuscriptFormYoushoulddoeverything-writingthetitle,leavingmargins,indenting,capitalizing.Ⅰ.Arrangement排版Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,nor,for),prepositions,andthetoininfinitives.Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph,leavingaspaceofaboutfourorfiveletters.Ⅱ.WordDivision移行Thegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Payattentiontothefollowing:One-syllablewordslikethrough,march,brainandpushedcannotbedivided.Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y.Donotputatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likehat.ed,cab.in.Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.na,Aus.ten.Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:father-in-law,empty-handed.Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:pea.cock,re.ally.Donotdividethelastwordonapage.Instead,writethewholewordonthenextpage.Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword:re.state.ment,un.relent.ing.Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug.gle,shat.ter.Dividingwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenindoubt,consultadictionaryⅢ.Capitalization大写Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:thefirstwordsofsentences,keywordsintitles,andpropernames.Ⅳ.Punctuation标点V.Handwriting书法Writecarefullysothatyourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.PartTwoDiction措词Ⅰ.LevelsofWords词的类型Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointofview,intothreetypes:formal,common,andinformal.Formalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,orbigwords.Theymainlyappearinformalwriting,mostofthemareseldomusedindailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.thosethatpeopleuseeveryday,andappearinallkindsofwriting.,theyarecalledcommonwords.Therearewordswhicharemainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversation.Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheirmainuseistorecordpeople'sthoughtsanddialogues.TheyareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonoriginWemaycalltheminformalwordsSlangwordsarehighlyinformal;theymaybevividandinteresting,buttheymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunnyⅡ.TheMeaningofWords词义Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:denotativeandconnotative.Aword'sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords泛指词和特指词Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.Ⅳ.Idioms习语Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.Idiomsarefrequentlyusedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone'slanguagesoundnaturalandidiomatic.Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech修辞Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally,whilewordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader'sorlistener'smindareusedfiguratively.1.Simile明喻Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.2.Metaphor暗喻Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.3.Personification拟人Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Inpoetrypersonificationisverycommon:Inprosepersonificationisalsoused,thoughnotsooftenasinpoetry.4.Metonymy转喻Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.5.Synecdoche提喻Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied6.Euphemism委婉语Itisthesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.7.Irony反语Itistheuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.8.Overstatementandunderstatement夸大和缩小Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratesthesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Overstatementisalsocalledhyperbole.Bothaimatthesameeffect:tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.9.TransferredEpithet移位修饰Anepithetisanadjectiveordescriptivephrasethatservestocharacterizesomebodyorsomething.Atransferredepithetisonethatisshiftedfromthenounitlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatnoun.10.Oxymoron矛盾修辞法Inoxymoronapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceaspecialeffect.11.Alliteration押头韵Itreferstotheappearanceofthesameinitialconsonantsoundintwoormorewords.Alliterationissometimesusedinproseforthesameeffect-tojointwoormorerelatedwords.PartThreeTheSentenceⅠ.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(orfinite)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement:Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Ⅱ.TypesofSentences1.Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentencesAccordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperative,orexclamatory.Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativese