生态系统方法

Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramTheconceptsofEcosystemApproachandEcosystemServices“生态系统方法”与“生态系统服务”概念初探Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramBiodiversityloss+globalwarming++=UnprecedentedEnvironmentalChange生物多样性丧失+全球变暖++=无法预计的环境变化Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramEcosystemApproach生态系统方法•MeantbasiclyforgovernmentsunderCBD-implementation.Focusonthehighestlevelofbiodiversity主要针对政府履行《生物多样性公约》（生多公约），关注生物多样性的最高层次•Industry/economicsectorsmaycontributegreatlyto”implementation”工业（经济）部门可以对“执行”贡献巨大•Noblueprintforallsituations没有针对所有情况的蓝图计划•Preconditionsandvarioussuccess-factorsforeachprinciple每条原则的前提条件和各种成功因素•Specific”IntegratedResourceManagementProcedures”(IRMPs)invariousbiomes/ecosystems?各种生物群落（生态系统）特有的“综合资源管理程序”(IRMPs)？Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgram1.Managementobjectivesareamatterofsocietalchoice管理目标是社会的选择2.Managementshouldbedecentralisedtothelowestappropriatelevel管理应该下放到恰当的最低层级3.Considertheeffectsonotherareas/ecosystems考虑对其他领域或生态系统的影响4.Ecosystemmanagementmustbeunderstoodinasocio-economiccontext必须在社会经济环境中理解生态系统管理5.Conservationofecosystemfunctioningiscrucial保护生态系统功能尤为重要6.Managementshouldbeundertakenattheappropriatescale(relatedtoproblem/challenge)应该在合适的范围和尺度内进行管理（与问题和挑战相关）7.Setlongtermgoalsandbewareoflageffects制定长期目标，了解阻碍目标实现的因素8.Bewareofcyclicandotherchanges了解循环变化和其他的变化9.Managewithinthelimitstosystem(s)functioning在系统功能的限制范围内进行管理10.Findbalancebetweenconservationandsustainableuse在保护与可持续利用之间寻找平衡11.Useallrelevantinformation使用所有相关信息12.Involveallrelevantsectors/stakeholders/disciplines将所有相关部门、利益相关方和领域都纳入进来(INTEGRATED)ECOSYSTEMAPPROACH(EA)（综合）生态系统方法（EA）Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramEcosystemapproach/Ecosystemservices生态系统方法和生态系统服务•Aconceptuallinkbetweentheconcepts各概念之间的概念性联系•Keyaspectsofbiodiversitymanagementcanbedeveloped生物多样性管理的重要方面都得到发展•Trade-offchallengesarisebetweenvariousservices需要在不同服务之间进行权衡所带来的挑战•Newmethodologiesareneeded,bothforvaluationandtrade-offprocedures需要经济价值评估与权衡程序的新方法论•Multilevelperspectiveimportant,butpolicyconflictsbetweenadministrativelevelsmayoccur多层面的视角很重要，但是有可能发生行政层级之间的政策冲突Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramBasicthinking基本思想•Thosewhohavethebenefits,shouldbearthecosts,andthosewhohavecostswithoutbenefits,shouldbecompensated谁获益谁负担成本，那些没有获益却负担了成本的应该获得补偿。•Thereareoftentrade-offs!Methodsforoptimaltrade-offsmustbedeveloped总会存在权衡现象！需要开发能得到最佳权衡结果的方法。•Valuationmethodologyisstilldeficientandmustbemuchimproved经济评价方法仍然不够有效，需要进一步改进。•ESismoredifficulttoapplyovermultiplelevels.Howcanwecaptureglobalvaluesatthenationalandlocallevel?生态系统服务方法很难在多层面上应用。如何在地方和国家层面上获得全球的价值？Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramInter-GovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformforBiodiversityandEcosystems(IPBES)生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）全球生物多样性评估千年生态系统评估Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramSino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramSino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramSino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramProvisioningServices供给服务•••Biochemicals,medicines生物化学制品、药品••Geneticresources遗传资源••woodfuel木材燃料•+/–•cotton,silk棉花，丝绸•+/–•timber木材•Fiber纤维••wildfoods野生食物••aquaculture养殖渔业••capturefisheries捕捞渔业••livestock家畜••crops粮食作物•Food食物•Status现状•Service服务•Freshwater淡水Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramRegulatingandCulturalServices调节服务与文化服务•Status现状•+/–•Recreationandecotourism娱乐与生态旅游••Aestheticvalues美学价值••Spiritualandreligiousvalues精神与宗教价值•CulturalServices文化服务••Naturalhazardregulation调节自然灾害••Pollination授粉••Pestregulation调节病虫害•+/–•Diseaseregulation疾病调节••Waterpurificationandwastetreatment净化水质和处理污物••Erosionregulation调节水土流失•+/–•Waterregulation调节水资源••Climateregulation–regionalandlocal调节气候——区域和地方范围••Climateregulation–global调节气候——全球范围••Airqualityregulation调节空气质量•RegulatingServices调节服务Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramBasicthinking基本思想•Thosewhohavethebenefits,shouldbearthecosts,andthosewhohavecostswithoutbenefits,shouldbecompensated谁获益谁负担成本，那些没有获益却负担了成本的应该获得补偿。•Thereareoftentrade-offs!Methodsforoptimaltrade-offsmustbedeveloped总会存在权衡现象！需要开发能得到最佳权衡结果的方法。•Valuationmethodologyisstilldeficientandmustbemuchimproved经济评价方法仍然不够有效，需要进一步改进。•ESismoredifficulttoapplyovermultiplelevels.Howcanwecaptureglobalvaluesatthenationalandlocallevel?生态系统服务方法很难在多层面上应用。如何在地方和国家层面上获得全球的价值？Sino-NorwegianCompetenceBuildingProjectonEnvironmentalManagement2011-BiodiversityTrainingProgramAdvantageswiththeconcept