词汇学.

EnglishLexicologyMorphologicalProcesses(II):CompoundingWeek6Instructor:LiuHongyongCompoundingCompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofcombiningtwoormorerootstoformacompound.airmailairforceair-conditionerflowerpotflowerpotflower-potairlineairlineair-linegirlfriendgirlfriendgirl-friendSpellingisnotareliablecriteriontodeterminethecompoundstatus.CompoundingRoot(Primary)compounds:consistingoftworootsNN:housewife,boyfriend,arm-chairAN:blackbird,blue-collar,VN:rattlesnake,pickpocket,司機,跑堂,戒指,掌櫃VV:看守,翻譯,調度,指揮AA:icycold,darkblueSynthetic(Verbal)compounds:consistingofaverbandtheparticipantsoftheactiondesignatedbytheverb.Truckdriver,hand-made,fashiondesigner論文指導老師,飛機設計師,播音員,理髮師,探險隊,Verb:指导Participants:老师（Agent:施事），论文（Patient:受事）TheConceptofHeadednessAcompoundmayhaveahead.arm-chair:chairAheadassignsitscategorialfeaturestothewordofwhichitisthehead.Percolation(浸透)Ageneralwell-formednesscondition,commonlyreferredtoasPercolation,ensuresthatawordanditsheadhavethesamefeatures.HeadFeaturePercolation(核心特征浸透原则）Ifistheheadof,andareassociatedwithsamefeatures.PercolationblackenblackboardAVANblackenblackboardheadfeaturepercolationRight-handHeadRule(RHR)Howtospecifytheheadofacompound?Williams(1981)proposesthefollowingrule:Right-handHeadRule(RHR)Inmorphologywedefinetheheadofamorphologicallycomplexwordtobetheright-handmemberofthatword.Williams,E.1981.Onthenotions‘LexicallyRelated’and‘HeadofaWord’,LinguisticInquiry12,245-274.FurtheronHeadofCompounda.N[plural]NN[plural]CanadageeseSelkirk,E.O.1982.b.N[singular]AdvN[singular]overdosePercolationofnumberfeatureandsharethesamesetoffeaturesEndocentricCompoundsSemantically,anendocentriccompoundindicatesasub-groupingwithintheclassofentitiesthattheheaddenotes.Thus,aschoolboyisakindofboy,abedroomisakindofroom,andateapotisakindofpot.Thefirstwordineachcasefunctionsasamodifieroftheheadwhichspecifiesthemeaningoftheheadmoreprecisely.向心複合詞Head心ExamplesofEndocentricCompound(Nouns)NNANVNＮＶ（＋affix）arm-chairhotdogswearwordhouse-keeperbookcasegrassgreenbaby-sittermotor-carhigh-courtpencilsharpenerskylineblackboard地板白菜飛船飛機駕駛員毛筆青天抽屜食品儲藏櫃火車站大腦插圖服裝設計師ConsistentwiththeRHRMoreExamplesNＶＮＶ地震冬至海嘯春分頭昏headache心悸rainfall胃潰瘍heartattack耳鳴earthquakeThecompoundsarenouns.ConsistentwiththeRHR?ExamplesofEndocentricCompound（Adjectives）NAAAVA漆黑痛苦筆直強硬面熟溫暖肉麻寒冷垂直膚淺美麗透明心酸偉大紮實雪白寬闊逼真ConsistentwiththeRHRExamplesofEndocentricCompoundVerbs(Chinese)NVＶＶAV槍斃打擊輕視鬼混猜想重視瓦解放置苦笑醋溜開放速成油炸收留小看步行投訴整合體貼關閉優選粉刷依靠優勝ConsistentwiththeRHＲOtherExamplesＶＶAV呼吸難道出入博學舉止得失起伏死活出納開關StillconsistentwiththeRHＲ？VerbalCompoundsOneclassofendocentriccompounds,verbalcompounds,isspecialinthattheyexhibitquiteconsistentsemanticreadingsthatmatchthesyntacticcharacteristicsofthecompounds.Verbalcompoundshavetheseproperties:Acomplexheadadjectiveornoun,whichisderivedfromaverb(musicteacher);Thenon-headpartisinterpretedasaparticipantoftheactiondesignatedbytheverb(musicisthethingthatisbeingtaught);Themeaningofthecompoundistransparent.ExamplesofEnglishVerbalCompoundsNOUNS[Noun-verb-er]NNOUNS[Noun-verbing]NADJECTIVES[Noun-verb-en]AADJECTIVES[Noun-verb-ing]Amoneylenderbear-baitinghand-writtenGod-fearinggamekeeperhay-makingcomputer-basedawe-inspiringshoemakerbrick-layinghand-sewnself-seekingbooksellersheep-shearingtime-worneye-catchinganteatersight-seeingguilt-riddenbreath-takingExamplesVerbalCompounds(Chinese)VOS(haveOVSform;VandOarebothdisyllabic)OVS（NoVOSform）VOS(NoOVSform)(VandOarebothmonosyllabic)製造謠言者(謠言製造者)文學愛好者造謠者（＊謠造者）發放貸款銀行(貸款發放銀行)資料分析員播音員（＊音播員）販賣毒品集團(毒品販賣集團)飛機設計師教書匠（＊書教匠）資格審查小組(審查資格小組)論文指導教師管家婆（＊家管婆）宗教信仰者(信仰宗教者)人口統計中心負心漢（＊心負漢）金錢崇拜者(崇拜金錢者)成果鑒定委員會投資者（＊資投者）AQuestiona.Nouns[Noun-Verb-er]Ndaydreamerb.Nouns[Noun-Verb-ing]NSundayclosingc.Adjectives[Adjective-Verb-ing]Ahard-workinglow-flyingArethesecompoundsVerbalCompounds?ExocentricCompoundsCompoundsneednotalwayscontainahead.Suchcompoundsarecalledexocentriccompounds.Themeaningofanexocentriccompoundisopaque.Itisimpossibletoworkoutwhatanexocentriccompoundmeansfromthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.異心複合詞ExamplesofExocentricCompounds(English)Pickpocket:itisnotapocket,butapersonwhopicksthingsoutofother’spocketillegally.Bluecollar:itisnotacollar,butapersonwhowearsblue-collareduniformatwork.Laptop:itisnotthetopofone’slap,butrathertheportablecomputer.Blockhead:itisneitherakindofblocknorakindofheadbutratheranidiot.Turncoat:itisnotakindofcoatbutarenegade.CantoneseVOcompounds炖冬菇開夜dan6dung1gu1hoi1ye3stewmushroomopennight‘tounderminesomebody’‘toworknightshift’爬頭起底paa4tau4hei2dai2climeheadliftbottom‘toovertake’‘torevealone’sbackground’打尖呷醋daa2zim1happ6cou3hit2sharpdrinkvinegar‘jumpaqueue’‘bejealousof’丢架甩底diu1gaa2lat1dai2dumpsupportingframeworkdiscardbottom‘tolooseface’‘tostand（somebody）up’MandarinVOCompounds盯梢勞駕ding1shao1lao2jia1staretopoftreelaboranhonoredpresence‘toshadow(somebody)’‘totroublesomebodywith‘toworknightshift’something’缩水開心suo1shui3kai1xin1shrinkwateropenheart‘toshrinkinwater’‘behappy’Morphologicalprocesses:rootaffixnewwordfinalizefinalizeCompoundingAffixationrootrootnewword(compound)whiteboardwhiteboardWords