1Chapter7语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话,也可以是众人交谈;可以说文字标志,也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一两句可成篇,长者可洋洋万言以上。所以,可以说,无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答,还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿,都可以是语篇。语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。7.1衔接与连贯(CohesionvsCoherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。衔接与连贯密不可分,衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提,但并不是说,连贯必须要以衔接为前提。7.2衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见语言现象。e.g.Paris?I’vealwayswantedtogothere.7.2.2分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段(grammaticalcohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexicalcohesion)两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction);(后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation))。(Halliday&Hason)这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络,使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来,从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说,英语多用连接词来连接,而汉语则通过意义来连接。2.在语法方面,英语语法是显性的,而汉语语法则属隐性。3.对英汉互译的启示。7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。e.g.Tommylikesice-creamandhehasalwaysanappetiteforit.e.g.Wheneverhesawanicecream,Tommywouldliketotasteit.e.g.Proverbsareheirlooms,treasuredandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Weassumethesepithyphrasessumuptimelesswisdom.Butarethetruismsreallytrue?Psychologistshavefoundthey’reprettyhit-or-miss.Still,theypersist.Afterall,youknowwhattheysay:oldhabits—andoldsayings—diehard.2e.g.Thepatientshookherheadandstretchedoutherhandstowardsthebaby.Thedoctorputitinherarms.Shekisseditontheforehead.e.g“Butifawomanispartialtoaman,anddoesnotendeavortoconcealit,hemustfinditout.”“Perhapshemust,ifheseesenoughofher.”---JaneAusten:Prideandprejudice7.2.5省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。e.g.BecauseAlicewon’t,Maryhastodustthefurniture.e.g.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.e.g.Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.7.2.6替代(substitution)替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语,使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。A:Willwegetthereontime?B:Ithinkso.甲:我们能准时到达吗?乙:我想能.e.g.Asforthesoulofman,theEskimosdonotclaimtoknowexactlywhatitis…butthenwhodoes?Theyseeit,however,asthebeginningoflife,theinitiatorofallactivitieswithinabeingandtheenergywithoutwhichlifecannotcontinue.3e.g.InevermetamoreinterestingmanthanMayhew.HewasalawyerinDetroit.Hewasanableandsuccessfulone.Bythetimehewasthirty-fivehehadalargeandalucrativepractice,hehadamassedacompetence,andhestoodonthethresholdofadistinguishedcareer.(Mayhew,WilliamS.Naugham)7.2.7连词(conjunction)连词作为衔接手段,是“使句子、分句和段落相互联系的形式标记”(MonaBaker)。可以分为四类:增补、转折、因果和时间(Halliday&Hason)。e.g.Ourargumentswereoftenbroughtbeforeourfather,andIguessIwaseithergenerallyintheright,orelseabetterdebater,becausethejudgmentwasusuallyinmyfavor.(ThreeGreatRolls,BenjaminFranklin)e.g.Wetendtotreatpersonslikegoods.Weevenspeakofchildren“belonging”totheirparents.Butnobodyis“belonging”toanyoneelse.(LoveIsNotLikeMerchandise,SydneyJ.Harris)e.g.Withnightapproaching,theboatmanandIhadnochoicebuttowaituntilthewindstopped.(ThreeGreatRolls,BenjaminFranklin)7.2.8词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)•指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段•包括同义衔接和组合衔接•同义衔接:指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。•组合衔接:词语一旦进入语篇生成过程,它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语,它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果,是受不同的上下文,或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中,它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的,这便是所谓的组合衔接。4e.g.Onehundredhoursaweekweredevotedtostudyand45minutestofootball.Thisbiaswasnotwhollypopular.e.g.ThereisnothinginthehighcomedyoftheworldsoadmirablyasthespecialdepartmentcalledFame.e.g.ItisaverylongtimesinceIattendedaMass.Inthispilgrimagetownyougettherealthing,withacrowdofrealworshippers;andbecauseoftheshrine,thosewhocometochurchincludetheparalyzed,thecrippled,theblind,thedeformed,thedying,aterribleparade…7.3连贯(Coherence)是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础,铜鼓逻辑推理来达到予以的连贯。是词语,小句,句群在概念、逻辑上合理、恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。e.g.Wife(inthebedroom):There’sthedoorbell.Husband(inthestudy):I’mcheckingmye-mail.Wife:Okay.•连贯不当影响译文连贯的因素有如下几个:7.3.1衔接试改译:e.g.蜜蜂这物件,最爱劳动。广东天气好,花又多,蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多,自己吃的可有限。每回割蜜,给它们留一点点糖,够他们吃的就行了。它们从来不争,也不计较什么,还是继续劳动、继续酿蜜,整日整月不辞劳苦……(杨朔:《荔枝蜜》)—Thebeesareindustriouswhileourprovincehasgoodweatherandplentyofflowers.Theyworkthewholeyearround,andeatonlyafractionofthehoneytheyproduce.Eachtimeweextractitweleavethemalittlesugar.Theyneverargueorcomplain,justgoonproducinghoneydayafterday.(《英汉对照中国文学现代散文卷》,281页)7.3.2信息结构•试改译e.g.恰逢山外集会,猎手一不做二不休骑着自行车驮着4只狼仔上了路。4只狼仔当做4只狼狗仔很快就出了手。每只60元,4只240元。一卷票子塞进了猎人的腰包。(张增有:“猎手”,见《大学英语》98/6,48页)—Ithappenedtobethetimeofthecountryfairoutsidethemountains.Inforapenny,inforapound.Thehunterputhisgameonhisbikeandsetoutonhisjourney.Thefourwhelpsweresoonsoldasfourbabywolfhounds,60yuanforeach,240yuaninall.Awadofmoneywas5squeezedintohispocket.•联系信息的主位(Theme)、述位(rheme)(optional)补充:Amessageismadeupofatopicandwhatissaidaboutthetopic.Similarly,aclauseismadeupofatheme,i.e.,itstopic,andrheme,i.e.,whatissaidaboutthetopic.e.g.Jonnyfailedtheexam.—THEME:Jonny;RHEME:failedtheexam.e.g.OnceIfoundacaveinamountainoutsidethecity.e.g.Singahappysongtous.e.g.WhatwordsshallIsaytoher?•中英文的信息结构差异:*Topic-prominentvsSubject-prominente.g.Therewasaheightenedawarenessofeachsunnyday,thebeauty