课件虚拟语气.

Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMoodMoodTheindicativemood陈述语气：陈述事实e.g.Youareverycareful.Theimperativemood祈使语气：命令，请求e.g.Becareful.Don’tbecareless.Thesubjunctivemood虚拟语气：愿望或虚拟的情况e.g.Iwishyouweremorecareful.TheInterrogativeMood(疑问语气)e.g.Whereareyoufrom?TheInterjectiveMood(感叹语气)e.g.Whatagoodboy!本书把虚拟语气称为虚拟式。把虚拟式总结为Be-型虚拟式（Be-SubjunctiveMood）和Were-型虚拟式（Were-SubjunctiveMood）。实际上还应当有对过去的虚拟，即Had形式的虚拟。Be-型虚拟式（Be-SubjunctiveMood）Be:thebaseformoftheverb.Be代表动词原形，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形。如：I/webeI/wedoYoubeyoudoHebehedo原理解析：用动词原形来表示对将来或无确切时间的泛指行为的虚拟，其行为确定是有可能发生的，但是该行为没有明确的实现时间。1.Insomenounphrase在某些名词从句中Translatethefoursentences.①他/她们建议他马上出发。ObjectClauseTheysuggestedthathe(英国常should)startoutatonce.(Startoff/setout/offbeoff)②有人建议他马上出发。SubjectClauseItis/wassuggestedthat……③他/她们的建议是他马上出发。PredicativeClauseTheirsuggestionis/wasthat……④他/她们提出建议，他马上出发。AppositiveClauseTheymadethesuggestionthat……①ObjectClause某些表示建议、命令、要求等的动词后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。他/她们建议他马上出发。Theysuggestedthat……Proposedmovedadvisedrecommended命令ordercommanddirect要求askrequirerequestdemandinsisturge②SubjectClause主语从句中的虚拟语气有三种形式。都是以it作为形式主语，that引导主语从句后置。a.Itis/wasP.P.+that-clause有人建议马上动工。Itwassuggestedthatthework(should)bestartedatonce.提议proposed要求demandedb.Itis/wasadj.+that-clause他竟然这样想，真是奇怪。Itis/wasquitestrangethathe(should)thinkso.他这样想是很自然的。Itisquitenaturalthathethinkso.他有这种想法……hehavesuchanidea.我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。Itisimportantthatwe(should)speakpolitely.c.Itis/wasn.+that-clauseItisapitythatheshouldmissthegoldenopportunity.真遗憾他错过了这个大好机会。Itismyproposalthatwehaveameetingatonce.我提议马上开会。③PredicativeClause表语从句当表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词用作主语引导一个表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。我们提议他放弃这个计划。Ourproposalisthathe(should)giveuptheplan.我的建议是他主持会议。Mysuggestionisthathechairthemeeting./presideatthemeeting我的建议是他当班长。hebethemonitor.suggest→suggestionpropose→proposaladvise→advicerequire→requirementmove→motion运动；手势；动机，意向；请求④AppositiveClause同位语从句当表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词接同位语从句时，同位语从句用虚拟语气。他们命令他马上出发。Theygaveanorderthathe(should)startoffatonce.……orderforhimto我支持你的建议，派他去。I’mforyoursuggestionthathe(should)besentthere.要求在它的从句中使用虚拟语气的这三类词，其中不少是由于词类转换而产生的。因此要熟练使用虚拟语气在上述从句中的用法，就必须熟悉这类词的含义及其转换的形式。如：医生建议他戒烟。Thedoctorrecommendedthathe(should)giveupsmoking.Itisrecommendedthat……Thedoctor’srecommendationisthat……注意这三句的subject2.InsomeadverbialclausesInsomeadverbialclausesintroducedbyif/though/whether/solongas/whatever/whoever,etc.,todenote/showanimaginativeconditionorconcessionwhichispossibletooccur.在条件状语从句和某些让步状语从句中的正式书面语体中用动词原形，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者should/may+inf.Formal:Ifthenewsbetrue,thisisaveryseriousmatter.Informal:Ifthenewsistrue,……Formal:ThoughhebethePresidenthimself,heshallhearus.Informal:ThoughheisthePresident,heshallhearus.■Formal:Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot.Formal:Whetherhesucceedoffail,weshallhavetodoourpart.Informal:Whetherhesucceedsoffails,weshallhavetodoourpart.原理解析：在正式语体中，条件或者让步用动词原形，说明条件或者让步的伴随状态没有实现的时间点，条件或者让步的状态是非真实的，主观假设的，但是条件或让步表示的伴随状态是将来或者无确切时间的泛指行为，是没有迹象但有可能客观发生的。总结：既有主观性，但也有很大的可能成为客观事实。在非正式语体中，条件或者让步用should/may+inf.，状语的发生明显附带着说话人的情感色彩，在三种结构中主观性最强。在非正式语体中，条件或者让步用动词陈述式，假设状语中的条件或者让步的伴随状态真实发生，是客观上有可能、有迹象发生的，在三种结构中客观性最强。3.Inimperativesentenceswiththesubject带主语的祈使句使用虚拟语气的情况1).Inf.Longliveourmotherland.Godblessyou.2).May+N.(/pron.)+inf.Mayyousucceed.=Ihopeyoumaysucceed.祝你成功。Maythefriendshipbetweenuslastforever.愿我们的友谊长存。Longmayhelive.愿他长命百岁。Were-型虚拟式（Were-SubjunctiveMood）1.insomeadverbialclausesintroducedbyif/ifonly/asif/though,etc.,todenote/showanunrealconditionorconcession.Were型虚拟式常用于由if,ifonly,asif,though等引导的状语从句，表示现在或将来发生的非真实条件或让步。Were是指动词过去式形式，实际上现在或将来发生的事情，却用过去形式的结构来表现，以构成现在或将来的事情已经发生的虚拟，这当然是不可能的，是与事实相反的。IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyharder.IfonlyIwereyou.你是校长该多好。Ifonlyyouwerepresident.即使我很忙，我也愿帮你。（将来）Though(/evenif)Iwereverybusy,Iwouldhelpyou.如果战争爆发，你会怎么做？Ifwarbrokeout,whatwouldyoudo?如果你遇上麻烦，你会怎么做？Ifyouranintotrouble,whatwouldyoudo?2.insomenounclausesafterverbslikewish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,suppose,imagine,assume,etc.,todenote/showhypotheticalcondition.Were型虚拟式用于wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,suppose,imagine,assume等之后的分句中，表示假设。（现在冷，所以你会想）现在是夏天就好了。Iwishitweresummer.一年到头都暖和该多好啊！Iwishitwere/waswarmalltheyearround.但愿我不是老师。I’dratherIwerenotateacher.如果你是老师，你会怎么办？Supposeyouwereateacher,whatwouldyoudo?■上述were型虚拟式在第一、第三人称单数主语之后，可用was所取代。假设意义表示法somewaysofexpressinghypotheticalmeanings.Translatethefollowingsentences.①如果你早来几分钟，你就见到他了。Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.②假如我现在知道事实真相，我就告诉你了。IfIknewthetruthnow,Iwouldtellyou.③你要是改变主意，一定告诉我。Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,doletmeknow.Predicateverbinif-clausePredicateverbinthemainclauseContrarytothepasthad+p.p.should+have+p.p.would+have+p.p.could+have+p.p.might+have+p.p.Contrarytothepresentdid(notionalverb)were(linkingverb)should+inf.would+inf.could+inf.might+inf.美国英语中should常被would取代Contrarytothefuturedid(notionalverb)wereto+inf.should+inf.should+inf.would+inf.could+inf.might+inf.1.TheruleofformationoftheSubjunctiveMood①与过去事实相反，条件句用过去的过去，过去完成体要不是忙，他会来的。Ifhehadn’tbesobusy,hewou