Departmentofcardiology心脏瓣膜病ValularheartdiseaseDepartmentofcardiology瓣膜结构的作用•在心脏收缩或舒张时,心脏瓣膜一方面控制着血液在心腔及大血管间的流动多少•另一方面就象单向的阀门,只允许血液从一个腔室向前流入另一个腔室,防止血液返流•配合心脏节律性舒缩,瓣膜开闭完成血液循环Departmentofcardiology概述Overview•指由于炎症、变性、钙化退行性变、缺血坏死、创伤或先天发育异常等原因导致心脏瓣膜结构或功能异常,使单个或多个瓣膜产生急、慢性狭窄或关闭不全,导致血流动力学显著改变的一组疾病。•在我国,瓣膜性心脏病仍以风湿性心脏病最为常见。另外,粘液样变性及老年瓣膜钙化退行性改变所致的心脏瓣膜病日益增多。Departmentofcardiology二尖瓣狭窄MitralStenosis-MSDepartmentofcardiology病因Etiopathogenisis•最常见:风湿热•少见病因:老年人二尖瓣钙化、婴儿或儿童先天性畸形、罕见病因:类癌及结缔组织疾病等Departmentofcardiology正常二尖瓣病变Departmentofcardiology二尖瓣狭窄的超声心动图Departmentofcardiology病理生理Pathophysiology正常成人二尖瓣口面积为4-6cm2轻度狭窄1.5-2cm2中度狭窄1.0-1.5cm2重度狭窄1.0cm2二尖瓣狭窄对左房室跨瓣压差和左心房压影响左心房压升高对肺循环的影响肺动脉高压对右心室的影响所以,MS主要累及左心房与右心室。Departmentofcardiology临床表现Clinicalmanifestation症状(中度狭窄以上才出现):呼吸困难:为最常见的早期症状;咯血:1、大量鲜血;2、血性痰或带血丝痰;3、大量粉红色泡沫状痰;4、肺梗死伴咯血;咳嗽:常见,有的患者在平卧时干咳;声嘶:较少见,由于扩大的左心房和肺动脉压迫左喉返神经所致。Departmentofcardiology二尖瓣面容Departmentofcardiology体征Signs心尖区听诊Departmentofcardiology风湿性心脏病MS正常心影“梨型心”:左心房增大、“双心房影”、右心室增大、肺动脉干和肺动脉扩张、肺淤血Departmentofcardiology心电图示心房纤颤,P波消失,心律绝对不规整心电图还提示右室肥厚,电轴右偏,侧壁导联S波深大。V1导联以R波为主,也是右室肥厚的特点,在此图中没有显示出来。心电图上同时出现心房纤颤和电轴右偏提示二尖瓣狭窄的可能性大Departmentofcardiology并发症Complication•心房颤动•急性肺水肿•血栓栓塞•右心衰竭•感染性心内膜炎•肺部感染Departmentofcardiology治疗Therapy内科治疗:•预防风湿热复发•预防感染性心内膜炎•避免剧烈体力活动,定期复查•限制钠盐摄入,口服利尿剂,避免急性感染、贫血介入和手术治疗:•经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术•闭式分离术•直视分离术•人工瓣膜置换术Departmentofcardiology二尖瓣关闭不全MitralincompetenceDepartmentofcardiology病因和病理Etiopathogenisis风心病:最常见二尖瓣脱垂冠心病:乳头肌功能失常腱索断裂退行性改变感染性心内膜炎右心室显著扩大DepartmentofcardiologyDepartmentofcardiology体征Signs心尖区听诊Departmentofcardiology二尖瓣关闭不全(MI)胸片正位(左图)示两肺充血,肺门大而模糊。心脏明显增大,以左心室为主。心尖下沉。心影中可见双心房阴影,肺动脉段及左心耳段皆突出。主动脉球缩小。侧位食管吞钡(右图)示左心房段有明显压迹及后移。Departmentofcardiology并发症Complication•慢性者与二尖瓣狭窄相似但心衰出现甚晚•感染性心内膜炎较二狭多见•栓塞较少见Departmentofcardiology治疗Therapy内科治疗:•基本与二尖瓣狭窄相同•心衰治疗外科治疗:•瓣膜修补术•人工瓣膜置换术:早期手术Departmentofcardiology主动脉瓣狭窄AorticstenosisDepartmentofcardiology正常主动脉瓣病变Departmentofcardiology病因和病理Etiopathogenisis•风心病:大多伴有AI或二尖瓣损害•先天性畸形:先天性二叶瓣钙化性AS•老年钙化性退行性•其他Departmentofcardiology病理生理Pathophysiology正常成人主动脉瓣口≥3cm2,•瓣口≤1cm2,跨瓣压差显著。•AS→LVH(向心性)→左心房代偿性肥厚→室壁应力增高、心肌缺血和纤维化等→左心室功能衰竭Departmentofcardiology临床表现Clinicalmanifestation症状:“三联征”●呼吸困难劳力性呼吸困难为晚期肺淤血引起的常见首发症状,见于90%的有症状患者。●心绞痛见于60%的有症状患者,运动诱发●晕厥见于1/3的有症状患者,由于脑缺血引起。Departmentofcardiology主动脉听诊区Departmentofcardiology治疗Therapy心衰治疗时慎用利尿剂和动脉血管扩张剂人工瓣膜替换术指征:重度狭窄伴心绞痛、晕厥、心衰主动脉瓣狭窄球囊成形术应用范围局限Departmentofcardiology主动脉瓣关闭不全AorticincompetenceDepartmentofcardiology主动脉瓣关闭不全Departmentofcardiology病因和病理EtiopathogenisisIE致瓣膜穿孔或瓣周脓肿•创伤•主动脉夹层•风心病约2/3•先天性畸形•马凡氏综合征•IE致瓣叶纤维化挛缩;赘生物Departmentofcardiology高调叹气样递减型舒张期杂音•多在主动脉第二听诊区•坐位并前倾明显•重度返流心尖区可闻及AustinFlint杂音Departmentofcardiology周围血管体征(脉压增大)•水冲脉Water-hammer•枪击声Pistolshotsounds•毛细血管搏动Capillarypulsations•Duroziez征•头部随心搏作上下摆动(De-Musset征)Departmentofcardiology主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)“主动脉瓣型”---心脏在正位像上的表现是主动脉结较为突出,左心室段突出,心腰凹陷,整个心脏状似靴形。Departmentofcardiology并发症Complication●感染性心内膜炎:较常见●室性心律失常:常见●心脏性猝死:少见●心力衰竭:急性者出现早,慢性者于晚期始出现Departmentofcardiology治疗Therapy急性:●外科治疗:为根本措施内科治疗:仅为术前准备过渡措施,在于降低肺静脉压增加心排血量,稳定血流动力学。DepartmentofcardiologyThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanksThanks谢谢!