跨文化交际interculturalcommunicationchapter2.

Lecture2InterculturalVerbalCommunication•Verbalcommunication•Language•Compliments•Taboos•ThoughtpatternsWhatisverbalcommunication•Verbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruse•Verbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage•Easiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.•Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.VerbalCommunication----Sometimeswethinkaboutthisbuttalkaboutthat.case1.TwoJapanesewhoknewsomeChinesewereonedayataBeijingsubwaystation.Theysawawarningsignwhichread:Xiaoxindihua!(小心地滑）Theywereverymuchsurprisedtoseethatnobodyaroundthemwasskating,thoughthefloorwasreallyverysmooth.2.Inalaundry,whenamansawthesign“whenlightflashes,removeclothes”,hetookoffallhisclothes.Whatsetshumankindapartfromotheranimalsis________________________________________________________________Languageisimportanttohumanactivitybecauseitishowwereachouttomakecontactwithothers.人类区别于动物的最大特征是创造和使用语言的能力。theabilitytobuildandmanipulatelanguageandothersymboliccodesWhatislanguage?•Languageisasetofsymbolsandtherulesforcombiningthosesymbolsthatareusedandunderstoodbyalargecommunitytopeople.•Alanguageisasymboliccodeofcommunicationconsistingofasetofsounds(phonetics)withunderstoodmeaningsandasetofrules(grammar)forconstructingmessages.•语言是人类特有的用来表情达意的工具，有语音、词汇和语法构成。CulturalLiteracy:Turkey(Casestudy)AnAmericanmagazineeditorwashostingagroupofChinesewhenoneofthemsaid,“Pleaseexplainwhatisaturkey.”TheeditorlaunchedintoalengthyexplanationoftheungainlyAmericanbirdthathasbecomethecenterpieceatAmericanThanksgivingtables.Then,ofcourse,hehadtoexplainabouttheAmericanholiday,Thanksgiving.TheChinesewaitedpatientlyandthenreplied,“Well,Istilldon’tunderstandwhatismeantwhenyouAmericanssay‘Comeon,youturkey.Let’sgetmoving.’”bird/apersonconsideredineptorundesirableTurkey•1（a）[C]largebirdrearedtobeeaten,espatChristmas吐绶鸡;火鸡.•（b）[U]itsfleshasfood（食用的）火鸡肉:★asliceofroastturkey一片烤火鸡肉.•2[C](USsl俚)failure;flop失败;失败的人或事物:★Hislastmoviewasarealturkey.他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.Turkey•talk`turkey(infml口espUS)talkfranklyandbluntly说话坦率.•cold`turkey(sl俚espUS)（a）wayoftreatingadrugaddictbysuddenlystoppingallhisdosesofthedruginsteadofgraduallyreducingthem使有毒瘾者突然停用毒品而不是逐渐减少剂量的处理方法.（b）frankstatementofthetruth,oftenaboutsthunpleasant直言不讳;照实说:★talkcoldturkeyto/withsb对[与]某人直言不讳.ItemswithdifferentculturalmeaningsBomb:Theprojectwasabomb.[UScontext:amassivefailure]Theprojectwentabomb.[Britishcontext:Ahugesuccess]ItemswithdifferentculturalmeaningsTable:【1】(Brit)submit(amotionorreportinParliament,etc)fordiscussion（在国会等）提出（动议或报告）供讨论:★TheOppositionhavetabledseveralamendmentstothebill.反对党已对议案提出几项修正.【2】(espUS)leave(aproposal,etc)tobediscussedatsomefuturedate将（建议等）搁置,留待日后讨论.★Let’stablethebillforsometime.这个议案我们留到以后讨论。knockuparouse,awaken(US);makeawomanpregnant(BR)JokeappreciationABritisholdladywenttoanAmericanhotelforherholiday.Shecalledthereceptionisttoarrangeamorningcall.“Couldyoupleasewakemeupat6:00tomorrowmorning?”“Sure,Iwillknockyouupthen.”Thewomanranintorageandshouted,“Ibegyourpardon?”Whydidthewomantakesuchareaction?Whyso?YouAmericansdonotevenknowwhoyourgrandfatheris!YouFrenchmendonotevenknowwhoyourfatheris!ShorthistoryRomanticcountryRedflag•red`flag•【1】flagusedasasymbolofdanger,egonroads,railways,etc（表示危险的）红色信号旗（如用于公路、铁路等）•.【2】symbolofrevolutionorcommunism（象征革命或共产主义的）红旗.“猫头鹰”（owl）•/aUl;aJl/［n］【1】birdofpreythatfliesatnightandfeedsonsmallanimals,egmice,andistraditionallyregardedasasymbolofwisdom鸮,猫头鹰（传统上认为是聪明的象征）.【2】(idm习语)wiseasanowl.Aretheythesame?“爱人”（lover)“玩”（play)“知识分子”(intellectual)“农民”（peasant）“小姐”（miss）“同志”（comrade）2.PragmaticRules(语用规则)andCulture1）Addressing*先生、小姐、同志、师傅Mr.Mrs.MissMs.“Excuseme.”*“OldZhang”“LittleLi”Cf.在英语国家，用姓作称谓只限于很少的几种情况，例如：在小学里教师对学生，教练对球员，监狱看守对于囚犯。*“WangJu”“SeniorEngineer”*Laoshi2)Invitationa.“Wemustgettogethersoon.”(我们一定得聚聚。)b.“ComeoverfordinnernextSaturdaynight.”c.A:Hi,B.B:Hi.A:Whenarewegoingtogettogether?B:Wereallyshould.A:Youknowmyofficenumber.Justgivemeacall.B:Okay.A:Good.Solong.B:Bye.3)OnthephoneWhat’sthedifferenceforChinesepeopleandAmericanpeopletoreceiveaphone?“我们首先发现的是在[电话]谈话的开头有一连串的‘hello’，双方都不说明自己的身份。在第二个来回当中，打电话的人要求接电话的人说明身份，这一要求遭到对方拒绝。反过来，接电话的人问打电话的人的身份，而打电话的人并不回答这一问题，相反却开始猜对方的身份。接电话的人也试图猜出对方是谁。在双方的猜测被证实以后，谈话通过一系列问候和答问进行，直到六个来回之后才正式提出谈话的主题，或者至少打电话一方表示他有问题需要提出。住在埃及的外国人普遍反应是电话谈话毫无规律可循。”（社会语言学家Schmidt对埃及人的215次电话谈话作出研究）4)ToapologizeCaseStudy:What’swronghere?InJapan,Richard,anengineerfromtheUnitedStates,hasanunpleasantexperiencethoughhethoughthehadhandleditwell.Anumberofseriousmistakeshadoccurredinaprojecthewassupervising.Whilethefaultdidnotliewithanyoneperson,hewasasupervisorandatleastpartlytoblame.Ataspecialmeetingcalledtodiscusstheproblem,poorRichardmadeanefforttoexplainindetailwhyhehaddonewhathehaddone.Hewantedtoshowthatanybodyinthesamesituationcouldhavemadethesamemistakeandtotacitlysuggestthatheshouldnotbeblamedunduly.Heevenwenttothetroubleofdistributingmaterialswhichexplainedthesituationratherclea