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中国中铁企业标准施工工艺手册路基工程中国中铁股份有限公司总序经过多年来的创新、积累和完善，中国中铁在桥梁、隧道和电气化等专业领域已经确立了在行业内的相对优势，创造出一批新材料、新设备、新工艺和新技术，并且在施工生产中得到实际运用。为规范中国中铁在建项目的施工工艺和流程，提高工程质量，保证施工安全，按照“提倡先导技术、推广先进技术、兼顾通用技术、保护知识产权”的原则，在股份公司领导高度关注并直接参与下，股份公司自2010年起，组织中铁二、四、八、大桥、隧道、电气化局等6家企业，开展了《中国中铁企业标准-施工工艺手册》（2009重大-009）课题的研究及编写工作。经过近3年的努力，课题组完成了桥梁工程、隧道工程、电气化工程、路基工程和轨道工程等五个专业分册的内容，共约160万字。《中国中铁企业标准-施工工艺手册》不仅可供各单位间相互交流和相互促进，同时还为施工生产一线的广大工程技术人员提供了详细、准确的作业指导。希望广大工程技术人员在生产实践中，进一步总结完善成熟、先进的工艺方法和流程，共同促进中国中铁整体施工技术水平的不断提高。编委会主任：刘辉执行主任：刘成军编委：郑机、李开言、张瀚、朱高明、刘建廷、袁明、白昭、罗静峰专业咨询及审定：桥梁工程：李青定、党芳英、钱纪民、李友明、周新亚、于建军、林定权、刘宏刚、徐升桥、黄新、祝西文；隧道工程：张金夫、王勇周、夏真荣、杨会军、卓越、陈学峰；电气化工程：肖代宁、戴伯寿、畅红亮、张帆、于小四；路基及轨道工程：白杨军、胡建、陈叔、苏雅拉图、梅红、刘重阳。二〇一二年十二月北京前言本工艺手册为路基专业部分，编制过程中围绕高速铁路路基工程的特点，借鉴股份公司各单位路基施工经验和研究成果，消化吸收国内外先进、成熟的施工方法和施工经验，体现了施工工艺手册的先进性和适用性。各项工艺编写时突出了自身的核心内容和特殊性，使其成为能够单独使用的“独立模块”。工艺标准主要采用高速铁路、客货共线等技术标准,并参考新近发布铁路路基工程相关的其它标准、规范、规程及指南等。路基工艺手册共分11章，主要内容包括：路基工程概述、地基工程、路堤工程、路堑工程、过渡段工程、基床工程、支挡结构工程、路基防护工程、路基防排水工程、路基相关工程及设施、路基沉降变形观测。共61条施工工艺。主要内容如下：1.地基施工工艺：根据地基浅层换垫、排水固结、复合地基及强夯等不同处理方法，主要包括原地面地基处理、换填、砂（碎石）垫层、土工合成材料加筋垫层、袋装砂井、塑料排水板、真空预压、砂（碎石）桩、粉体喷射搅拌桩、浆体喷射搅拌桩、高压旋喷桩、挤密桩、水泥粉煤灰碎桩（CFG桩）、混凝土预制桩、混凝土灌注桩、柱锤冲扩桩、桩帽、筏板、桩板、强夯及重锤夯实、强夯置换、注浆、洞穴处理、堆载预压施工共24个施工工艺，一般常用的有换填、加筋垫层、砂桩、碎石桩、搅拌桩、CFG桩及混凝土预制桩等方法。2.路堤施工工艺：根据填料性质分类，主要包括天然填料填筑施工、改良土路拌法填筑施工、改良土场拌法填筑施工、加筋土路堤填筑施工及边坡整修施工共5个施工工艺，其中改良土路拌法填筑和场拌法填筑施工工艺均含物理改良填料及化学填料施工工艺。3.路堑施工工艺：根据开挖方式不同，主要包括爆破开挖路堑、非爆破路堑施工2个施工工艺，其中爆破开挖路堑施工包含光面爆破和预裂爆破。4.过渡段施工工艺：根据不同过渡段形式进行分类，主要包括常见的路基与桥梁过渡段施工、路堤与路堑过渡段施工、路堤与横向结构物过渡段施工共3个施工工艺，其中路堤与路堑过渡段施工包括路堤与弱～微风化硬质岩石路堑过渡段和路堤与强风化硬质岩、软质岩或土质路堑过渡段两种形式，前一种形式采用级配碎石填料填筑，后一种形式一般采用与相邻路堤同样填料填筑。5.基床施工工艺：根据不同基床填料分类，主要包括基床A、B组填料填筑施工、基床改良土填筑施工、基床表层级配碎石填筑施工共3个施工工艺，其中基床改良土填筑包括场拌法和路拌法填筑施工。6.支挡结构施工工艺：根据支挡结构的不同形式进行分类，主要包含重力式挡土墙、短卸荷板式挡土墙、悬臂式和扶壁式挡土墙、锚杆挡土墙、锚定板挡土墙、加筋土挡土墙、抗滑桩、桩板式挡土墙、土钉墙、预应力锚索施工共10个施工工艺。常用重力式挡土墙、抗滑桩、桩板式挡土墙、预应力锚索等结构形式7.路基防护施工工艺：根据防护材料不同，分为植物防护、工程防护及混合防护三类，主要包括植物防护、片石防护、预制块防护、喷混植生、锚杆(锚索)框架梁防护、柔性防护网施工共6个施工工艺，其中柔性防护网适用于高大路堑坡面防护，分为主动防护网及被动防护网两种，本工艺中主要总结了施工中常用的被动防护网施工工艺。8.路基防排水施工工艺：根据材料和工艺不同，主要包括浆砌水沟、混凝土预制构件水沟、混凝土现浇水沟、成品排水管埋设施工共4个施工工艺，其中混凝土现浇水沟施工包含活性粉末混凝土施工工艺。9.路基相关工程及设施施工工艺：主要包括相关工程施工和防护栅栏制作安装施工2个施工工艺。相关工程主要包括电缆槽、接触网及声屏障基础、综合接地和过轨管线等内容。10.路基沉降变形观测工艺：主要包括观测装置的设置、保护及恢复和路基沉降变形观测2个施工工艺。主要阐述了常用的沉降观测桩、沉降板、剖面沉降管、单点沉降计和位移桩等工艺内容。本工艺手册由中铁四局集团有限公司编写，主要起草人有：何贤军、章国辉、梁超、胡修玉、覃国俊、张宏斌、郭宏坤、彭宏伟、万国平、唐涛、王泽录、汪少斌、马光、诸诗详、宫胜会、邱志裕、姚大闯。目录1路基工程概述············································································12地基工程··················································································22.1原地面处理施工工艺··························································22.2换填处理施工工艺·····························································52.3砂（碎石）垫层施工工艺····················································92.4土工合成材料加筋垫层施工工艺·········································122.5袋装砂井施工工艺···························································162.6塑料排水板施工工艺························································202.7真空预压施工工艺···························································242.8砂（碎石）桩施工工艺·····················································292.9粉体喷射搅拌桩施工工艺··················································342.10浆体喷射搅拌桩施工工艺················································382.11高压旋喷桩施工工艺······················································422.12挤密桩施工工艺····························································462.13水泥粉煤灰碎石桩（CFG桩）施工工艺512.14混凝土预制桩施工工艺···················································572.15混凝土灌注桩施工工艺···················································622.16柱锤冲扩桩施工工艺······················································662.17桩帽施工工艺·······························································712.18筏板施工工艺·······························································752.19桩板施工工艺·······························································812.20强夯及重锤夯实施工工艺················································852.21强夯置换施工工艺·························································892.22注浆施工工艺·······························································922.23洞穴处理施工工艺·························································982.24堆载预压施工工艺························································1033路堤工程···············································································1083.1天然填料填筑施工工艺····················································1083.2改良土路拌法填筑施工工艺··············································1183.3改良土场拌法填筑施工工艺··············································1263.4加筋土路堤填筑施工工艺·················································1353.5边坡整修施工工艺··························································1414路堑工程···············································································1434.1路堑爆破开挖施工工艺····················································1434.2路堑非爆破开挖施工工艺·················································1525过渡段工程············································································1575.1路堤与桥梁过渡段施工工艺··············································1575.2路堤与路堑过渡段施工工艺··············································1665.3路堤与横向结构物过渡段施工工艺·····································1746基