英汉互译教程-英汉语言对比

1英汉互译教程---英汉语言对比Content教学目的：旨在让学生了解英汉词汇,语言结构以及思维方式方面的差异。教学内容：1.英汉词汇对比2.英汉语言结构对比1)重形合重意合2)前重心后重心3)主体与客体3.英汉思维方式对比对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。——吕叔湘Youcouldknowyourownlanguageonlyifyoucompareditwithotherlanguages.——EngelsSino-Tibetanfamily汉藏语系ideographiccharacter表意文字Indo-Europeanfamily印欧语系orthographicspelling表音文字汉语英语英汉词汇对比1)equivalents2)partialequivalents3)noequivalents4)polysemy5)culture英汉词汇对比1)equivalentsmicrowavesupermarketright-wingkeyboardnuclearweaponschainreactionscoldwaropensecretTheU.S.StateDepartmentThePacificOcean2)partialequivalentsweargunmarriagepresidentunclefrycut穿、戴枪、炮嫁、娶总统/校长/主席/长官叔/伯伯/姑父/舅/姨夫煎/炒/炸/煸/炝割/切/剪/修山门大学笑叫看hill/mountaingate/doorcollege/universitylaugh/smilecall/shout/crysee/look/peer/peepglance/glimpse/stare/gaze/glare/gape走生气英勇/临危不惧walk/stroll/saunter/trudge/plod/toddle/stride/march/trot/strut/wobble/ambleirate/angry/enraged/indignant/wrathful/infuriated/incensedbrave/bold/courageous/valorous/valiant3)noequivalentsDINKDINK(DoubleIncomeNoKid)有双份收入而没有小孩的夫妇couchpotato整日呆在沙发上看电视的人hacker计算机迷黑客气功功夫粽子磕头(kowtow)阴阳八卦太极雨水三九4)polysemyAyoungmancametoScottiswithastory.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。Herstoryisoneofthesaddest.她的遭遇最惨。He’llbehappyifthatstoryholdsup.如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。It’squiteanotherstorynow.现在情形完全不同了。Thewarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。Theofficialrefusedtoconfirmthestory.那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭露出来。TherecordhasbeenconsideredsofteversinceitwassetlastMay.自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。Marijuanaisusuallyregardedasasoftdrug.大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。Atthisstagethereisonlysoftintelligenceabouttheenemy’intention.Weshouldnotshoothimfromthehip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。Don'tbesosoft,there'snothingtobeafraidof.别这么窝囊,没什么可怕的嘛.上班上课上场上演上阵上台上任gotowork;attendclass;appearonthestage/court;perform;gointobattle;cometopower;takeupanofficialpost上当上火上瘾betakenin;getangry;beaddicted表该上了。Thewatchneedswinding.这事已上了电视。IthasbeenpublicizedonTV.一连上了好几盘菜。Severalcourseswereservedinsuccession.5)cultureasclose/dumbasanoyster(牡蛎）守口如瓶westwindasbusyasabee,asfirm/hardasarockaswhiteassnow,ascoldasiceasstrongasahorse,asbrightasdaylightasblindasabatassillyasagoose/asassasswiftasanantelopeasstubbornasamuleasclearascrystal,ascunningasafoxaseasyasABC/pie,asbraveasalionaslightasfeather/air,astoughasleatherasmuteasafish,assoftassilk/butterastimidasahareasslipperyasaneel英汉语言结构对比1.重形合重意合2.前重心后重心3.主体与客体1.重形合重意合英语重形合(hypotaxis)以形显意句子逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接手段来直接标示句子结构比较严谨但缺少弹性一串葡萄汉语重意合(parataxis)以意役形句子各成分之间靠隐形连贯来间接显示，不用或少用关联词，句子结构比较松散但富有弹性。竹竿型(1)Hischildrenwereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.他的几个孩子都穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，没爹没娘似的。(2)I’mgladyoushowedupwhenyoudid.你来的正是时候。(3)Ican’ttrusthim,becauseheisnothonest.他不老实，我不能信任他。跑得了和尚,跑不了庙.Themonksmayrunaway,butneverhistemple.上梁不正下梁歪。Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoaslant.你死了，我就做和尚。（《红楼梦》）Ifyouaredead,Iwillbeamonk.重形合的英语的显著特点是介词丰富重意合的汉语是动词丰富Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。小辣椒见是书记，一愣，松开手，跟着就瘫了下来，滚地皮，大哭大闹。Dumbfoundedatseeingthesecretary,LittlePepperrelaxedherhands,thencollapsed,rollingonthegroundwithcriesandscreams.有些语言学家用植物来作比，把英语句子的结构称为“葡萄型”结构，意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构。基本方法：英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式例：翻译的形合和意合Ithadbeenafine,goldenautumn,alovelyfarewelltothosewhowouldlosetheiryouth,andsomeofthemtheirlives,beforetheleavesturnedagaininapeacetimefall.那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之前将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是一个动人的送别。那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。2.前重心后重心汉语:前重心left-extendingheavy-headed狮子型语言英语:后重心right-extendingheavy-tailed孔雀型语言Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion树一棵树一棵大树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树……English:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt（麦芽）.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…(1)生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧.Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife.(先果后因)(2)小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略.Thepeopleofasmallcountrycancertainlydefeataggressionbyabigcountry,ifonlytheydaretoriseinstruggle,daretotakeuparmsandgraspintheirownhandsthedestinyoftheirowncountry.(先“断言”后“条件”)3.主体与客体英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语作主语。英语重物称被动语态汉语注重思维的主体性，因此常常用人称词作主语汉语重人称主动语态Thethoughtofseeingherfilledhimwithfear.他一想到要见她，就感到万分恐惧。AwaveofcigarsmokeaccompaniedOgilivein.奥格尔维进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。他突然感到不寒而栗。Achillofhorrorsuddenlysweptoverhim.我经历了种种不幸。Misfortunesaccompaniedme.她突然有个好想法。Agoodideastruckher.被动语态与主动语态(1)Ithasbeenknownforalongtimethatthereisafirstrelationshipbetweentheheartandtheliver.长期以来，大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要的。(2)Newcomputersvirusesandlogicbombsarediscoveredeveryweek.每个星期，我们都能发现新的计算机病毒和“逻辑炸弹”。(3)地球上早期的火是