ContrastiveStudyofEuphmismbetweenEnglishandChineseContents•1.Definition•2.Function•3.Translationstrategies•4.Similarities&DifferencesDefinition&Functions源于希腊语eu(good,soundingwell,好的,好听的)pheme(speechorsaying,话语或好话)Euphemism:goodspeechorcomfortablewords.Useofpleasant,mildorindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofmoreaccurateordirectones(用好听的话或令人愉快的方式表达)EtymologyEuphemismEuphemism:Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.(Webster’sNewCollegiateDictionary,1973)委婉语:用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来“好听的话”或“讨人喜欢的话”DefinitionFunctionsIneffableFunctionPoliteFunctionPalliativeFunctionEuphemismHumorousFunctionIneffableFuncion(避讳功能)Oneofthetermsthatseemtobealmostuniversallyavoidedisdeath.Thereforemanynationshavecreatedanumberofinoffensivesubstitutesfortheworddeathor死。英语1,topassaway2,todepart3,toleaveus4,togotosleep5,togotoheaven6,one’shearthasstoppedbeating汉语1,羽化2,圆寂3,仙逝4,不在人们在交流时,在涉及某种不便表达的生理器官或生理行为的情况下如直言不讳地述说,往往会令人感觉不舒服,受话人也会认为对方没涵养,很粗俗。事实上,英语中有很多委婉的表达可以化解这种尴尬急冲冲跑出办公室,某小姐问声“急啥?”通常他不会说“尿尿”(tourinateordefecate)1,去洗手间(gotothebathroom)2,有事(dobusiness)3,方便(answernature’scall)IneffableFuncion(避讳功能)PoliteFunction(礼貌功能)Euphemismsarealsousedwhenrefertophysicalshortcomingstoshowpoliteness.1,肥胖的(fat)plump,stout,out-sizeorover-weight2,对于一位身体清瘦的妇女称之为slender或slim3,相貌丑陋的(ugly)人说成homely或plain4,耳朵聋的(deaf)人说成hardoflistening5,盲人(theblind)叫做thevisuallychallenge教师,千万不能当着家长的面说他的孩子笨(stupid)1,“他学得慢”(aslowlearner)2,“他尚未发挥潜力”(under-achiever)PoliteFunction(礼貌功能)当人们谈到低层的服务性行业或职业时也往往采用委婉语从事这些职业的人engineer来代替worker1,pipeengineer实际上就是plumber管道工2,packingengineer是porter搬运工3,appearanceengineer是美容师现在服务性行业常用industry来代替trade1,thetouristindustry旅游业2,thehotelindustry旅馆业3,thewoman’sbeautyindustry美容业PalliativeFunction(掩饰功能)一,英语里看不到穷国poornations,有的只是backwardnations(滞后国家)二,underdevelopednations(欠发达国家)developingnations(发展中国家)三,emergingnations(新兴国家)四,在西方,工人罢工goonstrike被说成industrialaction(工业行动),没有了一点“罢工”的痕迹。PalliativeFunction(掩饰功能)1、besentintoprison--liveatgoverment'sexpense(享福利)2、death--beinAbraham'sbosom(温馨,享受)3、protractedwarofanti-obesity--BattleoftheBulge(“突出部”之战)HumorousFunction(幽默功能)TranslationStrategies1.Literaltranslation•AlthoughtherearedifferencesbetweenChineseeuphemismandEnglisheuphamism,manysimilarexpressionsexistaswell.Inordertomaintaintheoriginalmeaningandstyle,thetranslatorshouldtrytouseliteraltranslation.•e.g.Onthe14thofMarch,ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutesandwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminanarmchairpeacefullygonetosleepbutforever.3月14日下午两点三刻,当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。让他一个人留在房间里总共不过两分钟,等我们再进去的时候,便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了,但已经是永远地睡着了。•(凤姐儿低了半日头,说道:“这个就没法了!你也该将一应的后事给他料理料理。冲一冲也好。”)尤氏道:“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。就是那件东西,不得好木头,且慢慢地办着罢。”(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》,第十一回)•原文中用迂回陈述法将“棺材”婉转地说成“那件东西”,以达到委婉效果,因此译成英文时也可以直接用“that”来代替“coffin”.•译文:“I’vesecretlysentpeopletogetthingsprepared.Buttheyhaven’tfoundgoodwoodforthatyet,sowehavetowait.”Oldpeopledidnotlikethatdescriptionofthemselves,andlikeagedoragingnomuchmore;Soontheycametobecalledtheelderly.Eventheeuphemismseemedundulydoddering,soweweretreatedtoseniorcitizenandgolden-agerandoldwomenkeeptheirchinsupbycallingthemselvesmature.译文:老人们对自己的称呼感到不满意,他们也不喜欢被叫做年纪大的或上了年纪的人;很快人们称他们为长者。他们觉得这个委婉语也不尽人意,于是人们便以高级公民或金色年华的人相称,而老年妇女则信心十足地叫自己是成年人。2.LiberaltranslationManyChineseandEnglisheuphemismaredifferentbothincontentandform;atthispoint,wehavetotranslatetheeuphemisticmeaningdirectly.e.g.Thisstudentistoofreewithfists.这个学生爱打架。HarryusedanAngol-Saxonword.哈里用了一脏词(Anglo-Saxon在这儿是委婉语。就一般而言,英语中最脏的粗话多源于古英语,因此得名)。Waitaminute,Iwanttopickadaisy等一下,我要去方便一下他有”断袖之癖“Heishomosextual.Gotaboosterforyou.Thechunkygirlinblueatthelacecounter.(DashiellHammett)•译文:给你抓到一个小偷,就是站在蕾丝织品柜旁那个又矮又胖身穿蓝衣服的女孩子。•“booster”的本义是“热情的支持者”,如果直译完全曲解了原文意思,因此在这里必须采用其委婉义3.Annotation(注释)Sometimesitisnotenoughtojustuseliteraltranslationorliberaltranslation,soitisnecessarytomakefurtherexplanation.Inthebluegrassregion,Aparadoxwasborn:ThecornwasfullofkernelsAndthecolonelfullofcorn.(H.L.Menchen,1945.)•译文:在肯塔基州出现了——一个似是而非的怪现象:玉米上长满粒上校身上也是粒。(注:这首小诗中上校指的是农民。因为美国没有世袭的贵族封号,于是创造了一系列尊称来寻求安慰,“上校”最为常见。本文讽刺了名为“上校”,实为农民的社会现象。)上文中如果将“colonel”译成“上校”而不加注,读者就不能体会该诗的深层涵义;如果直接译成“农民”,则令人觉得莫名其妙了。每日家偷狗戏鸡,爬灰的爬灰,养小叔子的养小叔子,我什么不知道?...dayinanddayoutscratchingintheashes...(Aslangtermforadulterybetweenamanandhisdaughter-in-law.)。爬灰指的是翁媳之间的乱伦关系(incest)。译文采取加注法,弥补了译语相应词汇空缺(lexicalgap)带来的问题。“…IfIdon'thaveadraino'rum,Jim,I'llhavethehorrors;...andifIgetthehorrors,I'mamanthathaslivedrough,andI'llraiseCain…”(RobertLouisStevensonTresureIsland)译文:“……我要是不喝一口朗姆酒,吉姆,什么妖魔鬼怪都会在我眼前出现。……我眼前出现这些可怕的东西时,我就会撒野、造反……”•(注:据《圣经·创世纪》记载,该隐(Cain)是人类始祖亚当(Adam)的长子,出于对弟弟亚伯的嫉恨,竟把弟弟杀了。该隐是人类第一个杀亲的罪人。)SimilaritiesandDifferencesSimilarities•Topics•Functions•FormationTopics:•1.Death•English:•gotoanotherworld,•tobenomore(不在了),•togotoone'srest(安息了),etc.•Chinese:•过世•玉陨香消(年轻漂亮的女人)•寿终(老者)•2.Disease•English:undertheweather(在恶劣天气条件下,实指身体有病)socialdisease(社会病,实指性病)•Chinese:失聪:聋子失明:瞎子3.Excretion•English:relieveoneself,powderhernose,feelthecallofnature•Chinese:出恭方便Fun