英美文学3

AmericanLiterature美国文学TheRomanticPeriodEndofthe18thcentury---theoutbreakoftheCivilWar.WashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBook华盛顿。欧文的《见闻札记》Whitman’sLeaveofGrass惠特曼的《草叶集》AmericanRenaissance美国文艺复兴Backgroundwestwardexpansion西部扩张Industrialtransformation工业的发展DemocracyandequalitySenseofoptimismMoodoffeelinggoodAmericanRomanticismAderivative派生出来的Underforeigninfluence：EnglishRomanticistsCommonfeatures:1.theimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature2.freeexpressionofemotion3.theindividualandthecommonmanUniquefeatures:1.pioneeringintothewest---amescapefromsocietyandareturntonature2.AmericanPuritanism清教思想：tomoralize,originalsinandmysteryofevil3.NewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰先验主义PuritanismthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritansserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.predestination,originalsinandtotaldepravityaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliteratureNewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰先验主义Startedbyagroupofpeoplewhoweremembersofthetranscendentalclub.Twomostsignificantwriters:EmersonandThoreauEmphasis:thenatureandindividual（p.402）MajorwritersPoets:PhilipFreneau菲利普·弗伦诺WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特HenryWordsworthLongfellow;朗费罗EdgarEllenPoe;爱伦坡WaltWhitman惠特曼WashingtonIving华盛顿欧文JamesFenimoreCooper库柏HermanMelville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔NathanielHawthorne霍桑RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文EarlyromanticistOneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputationFatherofAmericanshortstoriesAmericanGoldsmith美国炼金士(p.406)HisworksTheSketchBook见闻札记33essaysRipVanWinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷传奇FromGermanlegend.RalphWaldoEmersonSpokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism（新英格兰先验主义的代言人）TranscendentalClubNature–anunofficialmanifesto宣言书NewEnglandTranscendentalismOver-soul—anall-pervadingpowerIndividual—intuitiveknowledgeandselfreliantNature–emblematicofthespiritualworldNature—theUnofficialmanifestoHenryDavidThoreau梭罗–Walden瓦尔登湖HisessaysAmericanScholar美国学者Self–Reliance自力更生TheOver-soul超灵TheNature自然NathanielHawthorne（霍桑）PuritanfamilyAncestorsBlackvisionoflifeandhumanbeings.Thisisevilineveryhumanheart.HisworksTwice-ToldTales故事重述–acollectionofshortstoryMossesfromanOldManse古宅青苔TheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTalesTheScarletLetter红字TheHouseoftheSevenGables有七个尖角阁楼的房子TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇TheMarbleFaun大理石雕像YoungGoodmanBrown年轻小伙子布朗Blackvision黑色观点Thereisevilineveryhumanheart.SinandevilOriginatesinPuritanism(Puritanancestors)Thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveone.TheScarletLetter红字HismasterpiecePuritanpastColonialhistoryinNewEnglandSinandguiltPsychologicalanalysisCharactersHesterDimmesdaleChillingworthPearlThescarletletter“A”Symbolism象征（p.434）A:adultery,able,angel…YoungGoodmanBrown年轻小伙子布朗Aallegory寓言Characters:GoodmanBrownFaithWaltWhitman惠特曼LeaveofGrass草叶集PoeticembodimentofAmericandemocraticideals.Theme:Openness,freedom,individualismPoetic“I”andfreeverse自由诗ThereWasaChildWentForth有一个孩子向前走去thegrowthofachildwholearnedabouttheworldaroundhimandimprovedhimselfaccordingly.InthepoemWhitman'sownearlyexperiencemaywellbeidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayoung,growingAmerica.Songofmyself自我之歌Universality普遍性Singularity独特性andequality平等ofallbeingsinvalue.翻译我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己，我承担的你也将承担，因为属于我的每一个原子也同样属于你。我闲步，还邀请了我的灵魂，我俯身悠然观察着一片夏日的草叶。我的舌，我血液的每个原子，是在这片土壤、这个空气里形成的，是这里的父母生下的，父母的父母也是在这里生下的，他们的父母也一样，我，现在三十七岁，一生下身体就十分健康，希望永远如此，直到死去。信条和学派暂时不论，且后退一步，明了它们当前的情况已足，但也决不是忘记，不论我从善从恶，我允许随意发表意见，顺乎自然，保持原始的活力。HermanMelville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Wenttoseaatabout20Workedonwhalingship(捕鲸船)Gainedfirst-handinformationaboutwhalingthatheusedlaterinMobyDick(白鲸)InfluencedbyHawthorne’sblackvision霍桑的黑色观Shakespeareantragicvision莎士比亚的悲剧观EmersonianTranscendentalism艾默生的先验主义Majorworks:Typee泰比Omio欧穆Mardi玛地Redburn莱德伯恩WhiteJacket白外套MobyDick白鲸（莫比•迪克）Moby-Dick白鲸Oneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpiecesFirstAmericanproseepic(散文史诗)Story:dealswithAhab（亚哈）,amanwithanoverwhelmingobsessiontokillthewhalewhichhascrippledhim,onboardhisshipPequodinthecaseofthebigwhale–MobyDickSymbolisminthebookSurfacemeaning:awhalingtale,aseaadventureSymbolicmeaning:aquest(追求、探索)fortruthandknowledge,aspiritualexplorationintoman’srealityandpsychology（心理）.(p.460)Pequod（皮廓德号）:humansociety(differentpeoplerepresentsdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups)Thevoyage:asearchfortruth.MobyDick:symbolizesnature(complex,unfathomable高深莫测的(mysterious),malignant恶意的andbeautiful)(p.461)TheRealisticPeriodAgeofRealismfrom1865tol914AreactionagainstRomanticismpavedthewaytoModernismBackgroundtheCivilWarIndustrialization工业化Urbanization城镇化SufferingofthelaboringpeopleTheGildedAge镀金时代---MarkTwain马克吐温Realism现实主义Greatinterestintherealityoflifetheactualities现实ofanyaspectoflifeFreefromsubjectiveprejudice主观偏见,idealism理想主义,orromanticcolor浪漫色彩TruthfultreatmentoflifeWilliamDeanHowells:CriticismandFiction(批判和小说)IsitTrue？RepresentativesLifeoftheAmericansWilliamDeanHowells–risingmiddleclassandtheywaytheylivedMarkTwain---localcharacterofaregion---localcolorism地方色彩HenryJames---InnerworldofmanAmericanNaturalism美国自然主义Aschoolof