英语词汇学6.

英语词汇学课程课件课件名称：语义关系制作人：张培成、寻阳单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院Chapter6SenseRelationObjectives:–Todiscussthemainsenserelationsamongwords;–Toexplainsemanticfield.Teachingfocus:–Polysemy一词多义关系–Homonymy同形同音异义关系–Synonyy同义关系–Antonymy反义关系–Hyponymy上下义关系–SemanticField语义场6.1Polysemy一词多义关系•Polysemymeansthatonesinglewordhastwoormoresensesatthesametime.•它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的意义。•ThebulkofEnglishwordsarepolysemantic;one–meaningwordsarerareandaremainlyscientifictermssuchashydrogen,molecule,andsoon.1.TwoapproachestopolysemyDiachronicapproach历时研究方法Itisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史发展的结果。Thefirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning原始意义.Latermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings派生意义.Synchronicapproach共时研究方法Synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinahistoricalperiodoftime.从共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。Thebasicmeaningofawordiscalledthecentralmeaning中心意义.Thederivedmeaningsaresecondaryincomparison.2.Twoprocessesofdevelopment1)Radiation辐射型2)Concatenation连锁型1)Radiation辐射型Semantically,radiationistheprocesswhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一种过程，在此过程中，本义（也称中心意义）处在中心位置，次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。Allthemeaningsareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.这些次要词义之间相互独立，但均可追溯到中心义。Takeheadforexample:theheadoftheschool,sixpenceperhead,theheadofapage,tocometoahead,toloseone’shead,sixheadofcattleThoughthesesenseshavelittleincommon,theyallderivefromspecialapplicationofthecentralideaofheadasapartofthebody.2)Concatenation连锁型•Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.连锁型是一种语义过程，在此过程中，一个词的意义象链条一样，通过连续的改变，逐渐从本义移开，直至最后发展出来的意义和本义没有了任何关系。•例1：board：木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事会•例2：candidate：穿白袍的人→身着白袍申请职位的人→候选人6.2Homonymy同形同音异义关系•Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.同形同音异义词是意义不同、而发音与拼写皆相同或只有拼写或只有发音相同的词。1)TypesofhomonymsPerfect/absolutehomonyms完全同形同音异义词Homographs同形异义词Homophones同音异义词Ofthethreetypes,homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.2)OriginsofhomonymsChangeinsoundandspelling读音和拼写演变的结果Borrowing借入外来词的结果Shortening词语缩略的结果3)Differentiationofhomonymsfrompolysemants•一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义之间有历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从一个基本意义派生出来的，有“同源、同族”的关系，而同形同音异义词则是同一拼写或同一发音，但在意义上大多没有任何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同出一源，而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中，同形同音词通常以独立项分立，而多义词的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下。4)Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms（1）“Waiter”“Yes,sir”“what’sthis”“It’sbeansoap,sir.”“Nomatterwhatit’sbeen,whatisitnow?”(2)Whyshouldamannevertellhissecretsinacornfield?Becauseithassomanyears.(3)WhyistheMiddleAgesalsocalledtheDarkAges?BecausethereweresomanyKnights.Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanseethathomonymsareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectofhumororironyforstylisticpurposes.6.3Synonymy同义关系1.Definitionofsynonyms•Synonymsarewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.同义词是发音和拼写不同但在意义上极为相似或完全相同的词。•Synonymssharealikenessindenotationaswellaspartofspeech,foraverbcannothaveanadjectiveasitssynonym.同义词在外延意义和词性上要具有相似性。2.Typesofsynonyms1）Absolutesynonyms绝对同义词Absolutesynonymsarewordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.Thiskindofsynonymsarerareandmaybefoundinspecialterminologysuchascompoundingandcompositioninlexicology,malnutritionandundernourishmentinmedicine.•2）RelativesynonymsSynonymswhichdenotedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenqualityarecalledrelativesynonyms.3.Sourcesofsynonyms同义词的来源1)Borrowing借入正如Baugh所说：“英语同义词之所以丰富，主要是由于拉丁语、法语和本族语成分的和谐混合所致。”Wordsofnativeoriginformmanycouplets（双词模式）andtriplets（三词模式）withthosefromotherlanguages.•MatchthefollowingnativetermswiththeirLatincounterparts.NativeLatinFriendshipmaternalHeartyenemyInneramityOuteracuteMotherlycordialSharpinteriorDeedactionFoeexterior•Inthispattern,native,French,andLatinorGreekwordsco-exist.NativeFrenchLatin/GreekBeginterrortrepidationRiseflameinterrogateAskcommenceascendFirefirmconflagrationFearquestionsecureFastmountinitiate2)DialectsandregionalEnglish地域性语言和方言3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords词的比喻和委婉用法4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合4.Discriminationofsynonyms同义词的区别Tosumup,thedifferencesbetweensynonymsmayboildowntothreeareas:denotation,connotation,andapplication.1)Differenceinrangeandintensityofmeaning语义范围与强度的不同2)Differenceinstylisticfeatures3)Differenceinemotivecolouring4)Differenceinapplication6.4Antonymy反义关系1.TypesofAntonyms反义词的种类Antonymydealswithsemanticopposition.反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。Whatareantonyms?Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.反义词可被定义为意义上对立的词。Antonymscanbedividedintothreetypes:Complementary互补反义词Contrary相对反义词Reverseterms反向词Converse逆反反义词Antonyms反义词1)Complementaries互补反义词Complementariesareformsofantonymswhichtrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.互补反义词是真正反映意义对立的反义词形式。•Examplesinthetextbook:•Adj.:dead—alive,presen