英语语法及词汇.

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英语考前辅导郭继荣西安交通大学2002年6月E-mail:guojr@mail.xjtu.edu.cn第一部分语法、词汇第一章主谓一致•一、若以下词作句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式(尽管有些词具有复数含意,仍然要用单数谓语)。这些词包括:everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing,each,either,neither等。Everyoneishere.大家都到了。Neitherofthesebooksisverynew.这两本书都不很新。•二、当each或every置于and所连接的两个单数名词之前时,谓语动词用单数形式。Everymanandwomaniseligibletovote.每一位成年男女都有选举。Eachstudentandteacherhasalocker.每一位学生和老师都有一个更衣柜。•三、先行词it作主语时,要求用单数谓语动词。Itwasthedogswhichawakenedme.是狗把我吵醒了。Itisgradesthatworryhim.他担心的是成绩。•四、置于主语和动词之间的词不改变主语数的变化,介词词组常常放置于主语和动词之间。togetherwithinadditiontoThemanalongwithhistenchildrenisleavingsoon.这位男子和他的10个孩子很快就要离去。aswellasEveryoneexcepthimhasabook.除了他之外,人人都有书了。Theteachertogetherwithhisstudentsisviewingafilm.老师和他的学生们正在看电影。OneofthemostenjoyablepartieswasgivenbyHelen.海伦举办的晚会是最愉快的晚会之一。•五、There,here和where不作句子主语,以它们开头的句子的主语位于动词之后。Therearenodogsinthisneighborhood.邻居家没有狗。Herearetheresultsoftheexperiments.这是实验结果。Whereisthebookyouarelookingfor?你要找的书在哪儿?•六、在由and或both…and…连接的主语的句子中,谓语动词用复数。AredHondaandablueFordareparkedoutside.外边停着一辆红色的“本田”车和兰色“福特”。Bothtigersandelephantsarebecomingextinct.老虎和大象正趋向绝迹。•七、Several,many,few和both都为复数式,谓语动词用复数形式。BotharegoingtoattendtheUniversityofTexas.Onlyafewhavepassedtheexam.•八、表示着装、工具以及抽象概念的词总是以复数形式出现,而且通常用复数动词。这些词包括:trousers,pants,jeans,sunglasses;scissors,pliers,tweezers,riches,thanks,means.Hispantsarestillatthecleaners.Yourthanksareenoughforme.•但是,如果这些词和apairof…或awordof…连用后,则可用单数谓语动词。Thatpairofpantsisdirty.Awordofthanksisenough.•九、由neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等结构连接的词作主语时,谓语动词要和接近它的主语保持一致。Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherisallowedtosmoke.Notonlythenursesbutalsothedoctoriscomingsoon.Itishiswifeordaughterswhoaregoingtomeethimattheairport.•十、None,,all,some,any,most,majority及half等词的单复数形式取决于他们之后的介词短语的宾语。Allofthebookhasbeendestroyed.Allofthebookshavebeenthrownaway.Allofthemoneyisinthebank.•十一、Anumberof短语表示复数,用复数谓语动词;thenumberof短语表示单数,用单数谓语动词。Anumberofstudentsweremissingfromtheclass.ThenumberofMexicanstudentsinclassissmall.•十二、Manya和morethanone作主语时,通常用单数动词;如果morethanone单独作主语,则用复数形式。Manyastudenthaswontheadmissiontothefirstrateuniversity.Morethanoneteacherhasobtainedadoctoraldegree.•十三、定冠词the+形容词表示一类人、作主语时,谓语动词用复数式。Theyounglikepopmusicwhiletheoldpreferopera.•十四、表示时间、金钱、重量、体积以及距离的词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Twoweeksisenoughtimeforanicevacation.Fivehundreddollarsisrequiredasadownpayment.Twentygallonsofgasolinecostsalotofmoney.•十五、学科名称和疾病名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Mathematicsisadifficultsubject.Electronicsisapieceofcaketohim.•十六、书本及电影的名称作主语时,用单数谓语动词。TheNewYorkTimesisagoodnewspaper.StarWarswasagoodmovie.•十七、集体名词作主语时,如果表示集体统一行动,谓语动词用单数;如果单独行动,则用复数动词。这些词包括:class,team,police,committee,audience,faculty,staff及crew等。TheclasshasitsfindtestonFriday.Theclassareworkingontheirindividualprojectstoday.•十八、单、复数形式相同的词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词前的限定词。Thatspeciesisrare.Thosespeciesarecommon.Thatdeerisyoung.Thosedeerareold.•十九、动词不定式、分词短语及从句作主语时,动词用单数形式。Seeingisbelieving.Tobehonestisthebestpolicy.Whathesaidmakesnosense.•二十、Oneof+名词和theonlyoneof的一致问题。在oneof+复数名词+who/what/which从句中,从句谓语的的数与靠近的复数名词一致。PatwasoneofthepersonsIknowwhohavelearntfromtheexperience.若one之前有the或theonly等限定词,关系代词的先行词为theone,谓语动词用单数形式。Sarahistheonlyoneoftheyoungestgirlswhoplaysintheband.•二十一、以-ese,-ch,-sh结尾的词,若表示所在国的语言,谓语动词用单数形式,若表示人民,前加定冠词,并用复数谓语动词。FrenchisaRomancelanguageTheFrenchareromantic.EnglishisspokenintheU.S.二十二、英语中外来词的变化表。词根单数复数Latin单(复数)例证Greek-is-esbasis(bases)crisis(crises)Greek-on-acriterion(criteria)phenomenon(phenomena)Latin(m)-us-Iradius(radii)alumnus(alumni)Latin(f)-a-aealga(algae)vita(vitae)Latin(n)-um-adatum(data)medium(media)Latin-ix/ex-icesindex(indices)appendix(appendices)Thealgaeinthepoolarehardtoremove.Theradiusofthecircleistwoinches.Exercises:Choosethebestanswertocompletethefollowingsentences.1.Neitherofthereporters_____allowedtointerviewtheplayers.A.areB.isC.haveD.has2.Everyman,womanandchild_____givenafreeticket.A.isB.areC.haveD.has3.Wallpaperinadditiontonewcurtains____beenordered.A.hasB.haveC.willD.would4.There____beennonowdiscoveriesinthatfield.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are5.Severalunusualspeciesofbirds_____foundinthisarea.A.isB.areC.haveD.has6.Oneandahalfhours____passed.A.hasB.areC.isD.have7.NobodybutSanandAnn_____inthelab.A.areB.hadbeenC.wereD.is8.Baconandeggs______thetypicalAmericanbreakfast.A.areB.haveC.isD.has9.Everyhourandeveryminute_____vitaltomenow.A.areB.haveC.isD.has10.Oneortwostudents_____allowedtoattendthemeeting.A.isB.areC.haveD.would第二章非限定动词非限定动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式,在句子中起着一些特殊作用。第一节动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由“to+动词原形“构成,在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,可以作状语、定语、主语、宾语等。一、作主语1.带to的不定式作主语Tohesitatemeansfailure.犹豫不决意味着失败。Tobeobeyedisnaturaltoher.别人听命于她,她感到很自然。在现代英语中,更为常见的形式是把先行词it置于句首,作形式主语,而把实际主语的不定式置于谓语动词之后,尤其是当主语较长,或谓语动词不是连系动词,或谓语动词为被动语态时;而在疑问句和感叹句中则必须用这种形式。Itisnoteasytorememberallthesewordsinanhour.在一个小时内记住所有这些词可不容易。Itwasexpectedofhimtoseetheplay.他可望去看这出戏。Howlongdidittakeyoutogetthere?你们用了多长时间到达那儿?Whatajoyitwastoseehim!见到他是个多大的乐啊!2.“wh-疑问词(why除外)+带to的不定式”作主语Whattodonexthasnotbeendecidedyet.下一步该做什么还没决定。Wheretostayforthenightisamostu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