英语构词法.

构词法---ByMissLiu一：构词法分类1派生词：词根(或单词)附加前缀、后缀构成新词叫派生词rich-enrichhome-homeless2转换法：把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类backn.背-backv.支持slowadj.慢的-slowv.减慢3合成法：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词blackboardhand-made手工制作的语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法，其中主要涉及到以下三条：1.在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语,用副词；2.在句中作定语、表语或补语,一般用形容词；3.作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语,用名词。派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25％。一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1.否定前缀(1)un-a.un+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy,unpleasant,unable,untrueb.un+副词：undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un＋形容词构成的词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。c.un＋动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack(2)im＋形容词：impossible,impolite(3)in＋形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independent(4)ir＋形容词：irregular(5)mis＋动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistake(6)dis-a.dis＋名词：dishonour,disease,discomfortb.dis＋形容词：dishonest,discouragedc.dis＋动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1)a－，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在……之上、向……、处于……状态”：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。(2)fore－，表示“在……前面”：forehead,foreground,forearm,foreleg(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向……内在……内”：inside,include,import(4)inter－，表示“在……间、相互”：international(5)intro－，表示“在（向）……内”：introduce(6)out－，表示“向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow(7)over－，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrow(8)pre－，表示“在前”：prefix,preposition(9)pro－，表示“在（向）前”：progress,programme(10)sur－，表示“在……上”：surface,surround(11)trans＿，表示“转移”：translate(12)under－，表示“在……下”：undergraound,underline(13)up－，表示“向上”：upward,upset,upstairs(14)be－，表示“在，靠近”：before,behind,below,between,beyond(15)ex－，表示“向外，从……出来”：exchange,export(16)tele－，表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1)fore－，表示“在前，预先”：foreword,foresight,foretell(2)mid－，表示“中间”：midnight,midsummer,midautumn(3)post－，表示“在……后”：postwar,postlistening(4)re－，表示“重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild(5)extra－，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary(6)over－，表示“超过”：overcome,overeat,overpass(7)super－，表示“极、超”：supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower4、表示共同、相等关系(1)com－（在b,m,p前），col－，con－，cor－（com在g,l,r及其它辅音前）：company,cnnect,correct(2)co－：cooperate,coexist(3)sym－：sympathy,symphony5、表示整个、完全关系(1)al－：alone,almost,altogether(2)over－：overall,overflow,overfall6、表示“离、离开”(1)a－：arise,away,apart(2)de－：depart,dewater,decolour(3)se－：separate,select(4)for－：forget,forgive7、变换词类作用的前缀(1)en－／em－：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empower(2)ad－，ac－，af－，ag－，an－，ap－，ar－，as－，at－，（ad－在c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体）：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract8、表示加强意义(1)a－：ashamed,arouse,amuse(2)ad－：address,admire,advise,advance(3)be－：belong,believe二：派生词1常见名词的缀1）动词+-er/-or→名词villagerteacheractoroperator操作员userperformer2)动词+–ee→名词（表示“受动者，行动者”）interviewee被采访者trainee培训生payee收（受）款人employee3)-ist表示“从事……研究者；信仰……主义者”。如：pianist钢琴家scientist科学家artist艺术家chemist药剂师4)-dom表示“等级，领域，状态”。如：freedom自由kingdom王国wisdom智慧5)以–ent/ant结尾的形容词→-ance/ence结尾的名词violent(violence)distant(distance)present(presence)absent(absence)obedient(obedience)competent(competence)能力,胜任,称职intelligent(intelligence)智力confident(confidence)patient(patience)convenient(convenience)elegant(elegance)different(difference)注意：特殊–ent结尾的形容词→-ency结尾的名词current-currencyfluent-fluencyurgent-urgencyfrequent-frequencyefficient-efficiency6)动词+(a)tion/sion→名词●express/graduate/impress/devote-expression/graduation/impression/devotion●persuade/divide/decide/conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion●admit/permitadmission/permissionobserve/consider/transport/determine/organize/inviteobservation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitation●注意：compete/apply/solve/intendcompete----competitionapply----applicationsolve----solutionintend---intention7)动词/形容词+y→名词injure-injurydiscover-discoveryrecover-recoverydeliver-deliverydifficult-difficultymodest-modestyhonest-honesty注意：safe-safetysecure-securitybrave-bravery8）动词+ment→名词agree-agreementadjust-adjustmentarrange-arrangementmanage-managementargue-argumentgovern-governmentacknowledge-acknowledgementpunish-punishmentemploy-employmententertain-entertainmentannounce-announcementappoint-appointmentembarrass-embarrassmentstate-statementencourage-encouragement9）形容词/动词+th→名词strong-strengthwide-widthlong-lengthdeep-depthwarm-warmthgrow-growth10)形容词+ness→名词kind-kindnesshappy----happiness11）动词→al结尾的名词arrive-arrivalsurvive-survivalapprove-approvalpropose-proposalrefuse-refusal2.常见形容词的后缀1）名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反)→形容词carecarefulcarelesspowerpowerfulpowerlesshopehopefulhopelesspainpainfulpainlessuseusefuluseless2)名词+y→形容词dust-/dirt-/salt-/wind-/fog-/water-/rain-/sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggysun-sunnytaste-tastyhealth-/wealth-3)名词/动词+-able/-ible→形容词rely-reliableterror-terriblevalue-valuablebelief-believableforgive-forgivablechange-changableconsider-considerablecomfort-comfortable4)名词+al→形容词na