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SELF-ASSESSMENTINHISTOLOGYQUESTIONS十四,THEENDOCRINEGLANDS1Pituitaryhormoneswhichmodulatetheactivityofotherendocrineglandsareknownastrophichormonesandareallsecretedbytheanteriorpituitary.(T)2Thepituitary-dependentendocrineglandsincludetheadrenalcortex,thyroid,parathyroidandgonads.(F)3Theanteriorpituitaryisconnectedtothehypothalamusviaasmallmassofconnectivetissueknownasthepituitarystalk.(F)4Theanteriorpituitaryismuchmorecellularthantheposteriorpituitaryandthereforehasagreateraffinityforbasicdyes.(T)5TheadenohypophsisisderivedembryologicallyasanepithelialupgrowthfromtheroofoftheprimitiveoralcavityknownasTathke`spouch.(T)6Theparstuberalisisthatpartoftheparsintermediawhichextendsupwardsandiswrappedaroundthepituitarystalk.(F)7Theonlyhormonesknowntobesecretedbytheposteriorpituitaryareantidiuretichormone,oxytocinandmelanocytestimulatinghormone.(F)8Antidiuretichormoneandoxytocinaresynthesisedinthesupraopticandparaventricularnucleiofthehypothalamusrespectively.(T)9Thetermneurosecretiondescribesthemodeofsecretionofposteriorpituitaryhormonesandhypothalamicreleasingfactors.(T)10Thesecretorycellsoftheparsintermediaareoftenarrangedaroundcolloidfilledspaceswhichrepresentembryologicalremnantsofthethirdventricle.(F)11Thereleasingfactorswhichregulateanteriorpituitaryhormonesecretionareconductedfromthemedianhypothalamiceminenceviaaxonspassinginthepituitarystalk.(F)12Thesecretorycellsoftheanteriorpituitarymaybedividedintotwomajorgroups:thosewithhighaffinityforhistologicalstainsknownaschromophilsandthosewithlowaffinityknownaschromophobes.(T)13Thebasophilicgroupofchromophilsaregenerallylargercellsthantheacidophilsandareresponsibleforsecretionofgrowthhormoneandprolactin.(F)14Thyroidstimulatinghormone,folliclestimulatinghormoneandluteinisinghormoneareallglycoproteins.(T)15Thecapillariesandsinusoidsoftheanteriorpituitaryareofthefenestratedendotheliumtype.(T)16Thethyroidglanddevelopsfromanepithelialdowngrowthoftheflooroftheprimitiveoropharynxarisinginthemidlineimmediatelydistaltothetuberculumimpar.(T)17Thereleaseofallthethyroidhormonesiscontrolledbythyroidstimulatinghormonefromtheanteriorpituitary.(F)18Thethyroidisunusualamongtheendocrineglandsinthatitstoreslargequantitiesofhormone.(T)19Inanactivelysecretingthyroidgland,thefolliclestendtobelargerindiameterthaninaglandundergoingverylittlesecretion.(F)20Thyroidcolloidconsistsofstoredthyroidhormonecomplexedwithaglycoproteinandcanthusbedemonstratedusingtheperiodicacid-Schiffstainingmethod.(T)21Theparafollicularcellsofthethyroidsecreteparathyroidhormone.(F)22Thehormonalproductoftheparafollicularcellsraisesbloodcalciumlevelsbyincreasingtherateofosteoclasticresorptionofbone.(F)23Theparafollicularcellsofthethyroidarederivedembryologicallyfromtheneuralcrestandinsomespeciesarearrangedasadiscreteendocrineorgancalledtheultimobranchialbody.(T)24Parafollicularcellsarereadilydistinguishablefromthyroidfollicularcellsintheelectronmicroscopebytheirnumerouselectron-densesecretorygranules.(T)25Secretionofstoredthyroidhormoneinvolvesendocytosisofthyroidcolloid,cleavageofthyroidhormonefromthyroglobulinbylysosomalhydrolyticenzymes,thenreleaseofhormonefromthebaseofbaseofthefollicularcells.(T)26Inhumans,thereareusuallytwopairsofparathyroidglandsembeddedinthecapsuleofthethyroidglandbuttheremaybeasmanyasfourpairsorevenmore.(T)27Oxyphilcellsarethemainsecretorycelltypeintheparathyroidgland.(F)28Acharacteristicfeatureoftheageingparathyroidglandisthepresenceofadipocytesscatteredinthesupportingconnectivetissueofthegland.(T)29Thehormonesecretedbytheparathyroidglandraisesserumcalciumandisthusantagonistictotheactionofthehormoneproductofthethyroidparafollicularcells.(T)30ThesecretoryactivityoftheparathyroidglandsisdirectlycontrolledbytheserumconcentrationofvitaminD.(F)31Theadrenalglandisdividedintotwohistologicalregions,thecortexandmedulla,eachderivedembryologicallyfromneuroectoderm.(F)32Allthehormonessecretedbytheadrenalcortexaresteroids.(T)33Theadrenalmedullasecretesbothnoradrenalineandadrenalineinresponsetosympatheticstimulation.(T)34Theadrenalarteryenterstheglandviathehilumthendividesintonumerousbrancheswhichramifyrowardstheglandcapsule.(F)35Blooddrainingfromtheadrenalcortexbathesthesecretorycellsofthemedullabeforeenteringthecentralveinofthemedulla.(T)36Thezonaglomerulosaoftheadrenalcortexconsistsofroundedclumpsofsecretorycellsandisdemarcatedfromtheunderlyingzonafasciculatabyaconnectivetissuebandknownasthesubcapsule.(F)37Themainfunctionofthezonaglomerulosaisthesynthesisandsecretionofmineralocorticoidhormonesprincipallyaldosterone.(T)38AldosteronesecretionisdependantontheanteriorpituitaryhormoneACTH.(F)39Cortisolistheprinciplesecretoryproductofthezonafasciculata.(T)40Thezonareticularissecretesaldosterone,cortisolandsomesexhormones.(F)41Thezonareticularisstainsmoreintenselythantheotherzonesoftheadrenalcortexbecauseofitshighcontentoflipid.(F)42Intheelectronmicroscope,acharacteristicfeatureofthecellsoftheadrenalcortexarenumerouscyttoplasmictriglyceridedropletsandmitochondria.(T)43Triglyceridestoredinadrenalcorticalcells