议题二:海洋生物资源的新利用Marinebiologicalresourcesofnewuse随着人口的增加和工业的发展,人均耕地面积正在逐渐缩小。全世界都在关心地球如何养活人类的问题,其着眼点不能只局限于进一步发展陆地上的农牧业,也要积极开发利用广阔的海洋。海洋中蕴藏着丰富的生物资源,不仅可以建立海上农牧场进行海水养殖,而且还有许多有待于我们去开发它的新用途。Withtheincreaseofpopulationandthedevelopmentofindustryaswellasthelandareaisgraduallynarrowing,Theworldfocusesontheproblemhowtheearthsupportshuman,itsfocuscanonlybelimitedtothefurtherdevelopmentofagricultureonland,thebroadoceanalsoneedsexploitingactively.Theoceanisrichinthebiologicalresources,whichcannotonlyestablishabreeding,therewillbemanytowaittodevelopitsnewuse.一、微细藻类可防止温室效应First,Micro-algaecanpreventthegreenhouseeffect二氧化碳含量增多导致温室效应,是破坏地球环境的最严重因素之一。生活在海水中的微细藻类通过光合作用可吸收、固定二氧化碳,因而可用以防止温室效应。Carbondioxidelevelsareincreasedleadingtothegreenhouseeffect,whichisoneofthemostseriousdamagestotheearthenvironment.Micro-algaelivingintheseawatercanabsorbandfixCarbondioxidebyphotosynthesis,soitcanbeusedtopreventgreenhouseeffect.微细藻类是直径几微米至几十微米的微生物,它对使海洋成为二氧化碳的吸收源起重大作用,不仅可吸收二氧化碳,还能生产氧气。这些微细藻类进行光合作用时,还能从二氧化碳中生成鳞状的无机物石灰。现正在研究制作能连续培养微细藻类的系统,使其通过生物反应器反复地进行光合作用并生成石灰,生成的石在可回收作为水泥和各种吸附剂的原料。Micro-algaeisamicrobefromafewmicronstotensofmicronsindiameter,whichmakestheoceanplayamajorroleinabsorbingcarbon,andcertainlycanproduceoxygen.Whilesubtlealgaeforphotosynthesises,itcanproducesquamousinorganiclimefromcarbon.NowWearestudyingsystemsmakingcontinuoustrainingsubtles,toproducerepeatedlimethroughthebioreactorforphotosynthesissothatcementandstoneGeneratedcanbeusedasavarietyofrecyclableadsorbentmaterial.火力发电厂和炼铁高炉是产生二氧化碳的主要源头。现在科学家正在研究在这些地方利用太阳能大量培养微细藻类,以去除排出的二氧化碳,同时也在探索如何使藻类在废气中的二氧化碳浓度达20%以上时也能高效率繁殖的方法。Coal-firedpowerplantsandtheblastfurnaceironmakingisthemainsourceofproducecarbondioxide.Nowscientistsarestudyinghowtousesolarenergytocultivatemanysubtleintheseplaces,toremovethealgaefromcarbondioxide,andmeanwhiletheyexplorehowtomakemorethan20%ofthecarbondioxideinthewastegasconcentrationcanbehighefficientbreedingmethods.二、利用微生物净化石油污染Second,theuseofmicrobialpurificationoilpollution海上采油及各种石油泄漏,往往会污染海洋。科学家们现正研究利用能够分解石油的细菌来净化石油污染,因为这种方法不会像化学方法那样本身又造成污染,但目前这种方法还只能在海岸附近进行。海岸边石油自然分解后,其剩余物以煤焦油形态粘附于沙滩或岩石上,很难去除,用细菌分解可解决这一问题。Seaoilandvariouskindsofoilspill,oftencanpollutethesea.Scientistsaredoingsomeresearchtousethebacteriathatcanbreakdownoiltopureoilpollution,becausethismethodwillnotlikechemicalmethodthatitselfandpollutioncausedbythecurrent,butthismethodalsocanonlybedonenearthecoast.Afterthecoastnaturaldecomposition,itsremainingattachedtobeachorrocksintheformofcoaltaranditisdifficulttoremove,soonlybydecomposingbacteriacansolvetheproblem.科学家们目前正研究在泥浆中培养能分解石油的微生物,然后将它散布在受污染的海洋上,由于泥浆是可分解物质,所以不会污染海洋。同时也在研究把多种微生物组合在一起,以便获得更好的效果。进一步,还要用基因重组方法,使一种细菌具有分解多种物质的功能。Scientistsarecurrentlystudyingmicroorganismsthatbreakdownoilinthemud,Thenspreaditincontaminatedocean.asweallknow,themudisabiodegradablematerial,soitwillnotpollutethemarine.Atthesametime,scientistsareresearchingtoputtogetheravarietyofmicroorganismsothattheycanobtainbetterresults.Further,alsowithgenerecombinationmethod,akindofbacteriahavethefunctionofthematerialmanykindsdecomposition.三、防止贝类附着Third,preventshellfishattached海边的贝类往往附着于船体上,不仅伤害船体,而且会造成航行时阻力增加因而浪费燃料。利用海水冷却的发电站的进水口如果被贝类堵塞,便会引起事故。为了防止贝类附着,通常使用含有有机铅的涂料,但铅溶于海水对人和海洋生物都有害,最近发现的鲸鱼集体自杀,便同这种涂料造成的污染有关。Theshellfishoftenattachedonthehull,itNotonlydamagesthehull,alsocausedincreasedresistancewhilesailingandledtoawasteoffuel.Iftheshellfishblockedpowerplantsusingseawatercoolinginlet,itwouldcauseanaccident.Inordertopreventshellfishattached,powerplantsusuallyusepaintcontainingorganiclead,however,Lead,dissolvedinwaterisharmfultohumansandmarinelife.Judgingfromthewhalesmasssuiciderecently,suicideisrelatedtothepollutedpaint.因此人们努力寻找无毒的防附着物质。后来从海洋无脊椎动物马尾藻属苔藓虫门的生物中,抽出一种名为三溴甲克胺的物质,这种物质毒性极低,不会杀死贝类,但可防止其附着,防附着的效果为有机铅化合物的8倍,为硫酸铅的100倍。Sopeopletrytofindtheattachmentofnon-toxicsubstance.ThenfromtheSargassoSeainvertebratesofmoss,thewormdoorcreaturescalledoutthreebrominejacket,thesubstanceofthesubstanceoftheaminetoxicityisextremelylow,won'tkillshellfish,butcanpreventtheiradhesive,Anti-adhesioneffectis8timesasthesameasorganicleadcompounds,100timestheleadsulfate四、开发生物无机晶体Fourth,thedevelopmentofinorganiccrystals生物制造无机晶体的现象称为生物矿物化现象。海洋生物用石灰制造的珍珠、贝壳,便是典型的无机晶体,还有许多生物能在体内形成微小磁体。科学家们最近正在分析研究珍珠的形成机理和磁微粒体的用途。Biologicalmanufacturinginorganiccrystalsphenomenoncalledbiologicalorematerializedphenomenon.Marinecreatureswithlimemanufacturingofpearlsandshell,isthetypicalinorganiccrystals,andmanyorganismsinthebodyformtinymagnets.Scientistsareanalyzingandstudyingtheformationmechanismofthepearlanduseofmagneticparticlesbody.对形成珍珠所需的蛋白分析表明,它们大部分都是不溶性蛋白质,另一些是可同钙离子结合的溶解性糖蛋白质。科学家现正在分子水平上弄清这些蛋白质在珍珠生长过程中所起的使用,并以控制蛋白质合成的基因进行分析,目的是用人工控制珠母贝的形成,以获得高质量的珍珠。Formtheproteinanalysistopearlshowsthatmostofthemarenotsolubleprotein,othersareissolublesugarproteinthatcanbecombinedwithcalciumions.Scientistsarenowonthemolecularleveltofindouthowtheseproteinsinthepearlonthegrowthprocess,andtocontroltheuseofproteinsynthesisofthegeneanalysis,itisapurposeartificialcontrolbeadformationofmotheroysters,inordertogethighqualitypearls.最近还发现有一种磁性细菌,体内存