TheImpactofEnterpriseResourcePlanningSystemsonManagement论ERP系统对企业管理的影响【Abstract】:Informationtechnologyissignificantlychangingtheoperatingpracticesofanincreasingnumberofcompaniesglobally.Thesedevelopmentshaveimportantimplicationsfortheaccountingprofessionandinparticularaccountingpracticesinthetwenty-firstcentury.Thisstudyexaminesthedevelopmentofenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systemsasameansofillustratinghowchangesininformationtechnologyallowsallsystemsinacompanytobelinkedtomanageoperationsholistically.【摘要】:信息科技正在显著地影响着全球范围内日益增长的公司的实际运作。这些发展对会计专业尤其是21世纪的会计事务有着非常重要的影响。本篇论文见证了ERP系统的发展壮大,同时也作为解说信息科技是如何将公司内部所有系统与实际运作全面地整合在一起的工具。【Keywords】:Managementaccounting,capitalbudgeting,enterpriseresourceplanningsystems,informationtechnology.【关键字】:管理会计学,资本预算,企业资源规划系统,信息科技1.Introduction1.引言DuringthepastdecadeanincreasingnumberofcompanieshavebeenimpactedbyinformationtechnologyintermsofcomputerizedtransactionprocessingandelectronictelecommunicationssuchasthatdonewiththeInternet,intranet,andextranet.Forcompetitivereasons,companieshavehadtochangefrommanualandthenmainframesystemstowhathasbeencalledenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systems.AnERPsystemhasacommondatabaseordatawarehousethatlinkstogetherallsystemsinallpartsofacompanyincluding,forexample,capitalbudgetingwithfinancial,control,manufacturing,sales,fixedassets,inventory,humanresourcesmodules,etc.AnERPsystem,bylinkingallsystemsthroughadatawarehouse,allowsacompanytomanageitsoperationsholistically.在过去的十年里越来越多地公司受到信息科技的影响,电脑处理系统及电子通讯设备例如通过互联网,企业内部网及外联网进行处理。出于竞争的因素,公司已经从手动操作转变为主机系统即所谓的企业资源规划系统(ERP)。ERP系统有一个公用数据库或称之为数据仓库,将公司各个部分所有的系统连接在一起,例如财务资本预算,成本控制,生产,销售,固定资产,库存,人力资源模块等等。ERP系统,通过一个数据仓库把所有的数据连在一起,使得一个公司可以全方位地良好的运作。AsecondimpactofERPsystemshasbeenageneralshifttomanageattheactivitylevelratherthanatthemoreabstractleveloffinancialtransactions.Thismeansthatmanagementaccounting,withitsfocusonactivities,canbemosteffectivewhenitisusedwithERPsystemstoincorporatetheactivitylevelforcostingandperformancemeasurement.TobeeffectiveanERPsystemwillcontainanextensivechartofaccountsorcodesforactivitiessuchasaccuraterecordingandtrackingofactivities,revenuesandcosts.Thecodingincorporatesstableentitiesofabusiness,suchasdivisions,plants,stores,andwarehouses.Atadetailedleveltherearecodesforfunctionssuchasfinance,production,sales,marketing,andmaterialsmanagement.Therearealsothetraditionalfinancialaccountcodessuchasassets,liabilities,revenues,andexpenses,andthecentralERPfeatureofcodingprocesses,activities,andsub-activities.Theremustbeconsistentcodingamongallpartsofacompanyinorderforthemtorelatetooneanother.ERP系统的第二个影响就是作为一个整体转移,从事实际的管理活动而不是抽象地金融交易。这就意味着管理会计学,关注点在实际运作上,通过使用ERP系统来整合成本计算和业绩评估会变得更有效。为了更加高效ERP系统会包含会计行业宽泛的图标或活动代码例如活的精确记录和追踪,收入和成本。代码包含一个业务单元稳定的实体,例如部门,工厂,商店和库房。更详尽点代码的功能如财务,生产,销售,市场及物料管理。还有传统的财务会计代码,例如资产,负债,收入,费用,中央ERP代码编写特征,活动及分包活动。这必须是贯穿公司所有部门一致的代码以便相互关联。AstheERPsystemincorporatesactivitiesintermsofquantitiesofresources,includinglabour,arecordofresourceuseismaintained.Therefore,performancecanbemeasuredinphysicaltermsandcomparedtostandards,whichallowsforthecalculationofvariances.Thisperformancemeasurementattheactivitylevelservesasafeedbacksystemonefficiencyandeffectiveness.Theconfusionfromabstractmonetarymeasuresiserased,andwhatisactuallyhappeningwiththeconversionofresourcesintogoodsandservicescanbeseen.ERPsystemshavethepotentialtochangemanagementccountingsystemswithmoredetailed,moreintegrated,andfasterproducedinformation.由于ERP系统整合了资源的数量,包含人工,资源使用记录。因此,业绩可以通过实际条款来进行衡量,与标准相比较这样允许有计算偏差。这种业绩评估模式可以作为实际行动效率和效果的反馈体系。那么抽象货币措施的困惑就会消除,而且这也正是资源转化为商品和服务所实际发生的。ERP系统有潜力把管理会计变得更详细,更集中及更快速的生产信息。2.LiteratureReview2.文献回顾2.1.TheintegrationofERPsystemsintomanagementaccounting2.1.管理会计学ERP系统的集合AnERPsystemhasacommondatastructurethatpermitsdatatobeenteredandaccessedfromanywhereintheworld(KaplanandCooper,1998,p.275).Anactivity-basedcostingsystemisanintegralpartofanERPsystem,andthusmanagershaveinformationaboutpresentandfutureactivitiesatoperationallevelswhenmakingdecisions(KaplanandCooper,1998,pp.275-277,285).Withactivity-basedinformation,monetarydistortionscanbereduced.Feedbackwithactivityinformationimproveslearning.Thus,inmanagingattheactivitylevel,costing,budgeting,performancemeasurement,bonuses,resourcespending,forecasting,production,etc.canbeimprovedintermsofefficiencyandeffectiveness.AnERPsystemwillallowthecompanytoobtaincostandperformanceinformationmorefrequently,evendaily,ratherthanwaitingamonth(KaplanandCooper,1998,p.279).ERP系统有一个公用数据库结构,允许数据从全球范围任何地方进入和输出(KaplanandCooper,1998,p.275)。以实际行动为基础的成本体系是ERP系统不可分割的一部分,因此当管理者做出决策时需要在实际操作层面有目前的和今后的活动信息(KaplanandCooper,1998,pp.275-277,285)。伴随着以实际活动为基础的信息,货币扭曲就可以减少。活动信息的反馈提高学习能力。因此,在管理活动层面,成本计算,预算,业绩评估,奖金,资源花费,预测,生产等等可以被改进的更加有效率有成果。ERP系统使得公司可以更频繁地获得成本和业绩的信息,甚至是每天,而不是要等一个月(KaplanandCooper,1998,p.279)。2.2.ERPanditsimpactontheworkofmanagementaccountants2.2.ERP及其对管理会计师工作的影响AlthoughnoneoftherecentstudiesontheimpactofERPsystemshaveindicatedchangestomanagementaccountingsystems,therehavebeensomestudiesthatindicatedeffectsontheworkofmanagementaccountants.Forexample,BurnsandBaldvi