*1*非谓语动词一、考点聚焦(一)概述:在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(theInfinitive);动名词(theGerund);现在分词(thePresentParticiple);过去分词(thePastParticiple)。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.2)都可以被状语修饰:Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.3)都有主动与被动,“体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.(谓语动词被动语态)Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.(动名词的被动式)Wehavewrittenthecomposition.(谓语动词的完成时)Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.(现在分词的完成式)4)都可以有逻辑主语Theystartedtheworkatonce.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)WeareLeaguemembers.(谓语动词的主语)WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.(现在分词的逻辑主语)2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2)非谓语动词有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:名称语法功能主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√1、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题不定式的形式:主动被动一般式(not)towrite(not)tobewritten*2*进行式(not)tobewriting(not)tobebeingwritten完成式(not)tohavewritten(not)tohavebeenwritten1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如:I’mgladtomeetyou.Heseemstoknowalot.Weplantopayavisit.Hewantstobeanartist.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.(1)不定式作表语与“be+todosth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。Hisjobistoguard.(说明内容)be+todosth.(表示按计划要做的事)(2)带不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常不定式作宾语:afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式:teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况:主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like+sb.todosth.③主语+think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/consider/feel+sb.+tobe/tohavedone④主语+callon/upon/dependon/waitfor/askfor+sb.+todosth.(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the+序词、thelast、theonly等。②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。Thereisnoonetolookafterher.③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。*3*Sheisnowlookingforaroomtolivein.(5)不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。onlytodo表示出人意料的结果。Wehurriedtotheclassroomonlytofindnonethere.inorder(not)to,soas(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too,so…astodo,such+名词…astodo作结果状语,如:Thegirlwassokindastohelptheoldmanoffthebus.I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.(6)不定式的完成时的特殊用法。①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.seem、appear、besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported等动词常用于上面句型。此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别。I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingforaminute.对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)shouldliketo/wouldliketo/wouldloveto+不定式的完成时。(B)was/wereto+不定式的完成时,表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish+不定式完成时,表示过去未曾实现的愿望。(7)不定式的省略。①同一结构并列由and或or连接。Iwanttofinishmyhomeworkandgohome.I’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.特例:Tobeornottobe,thisisaquestion.Heisbettertolaughthantocry.(表示对比)②不定式作表语,其前面的主语从句中含有do时,后面的to省略。Whathedidwaslosethegame.③句中含有动词do时,but、except、besides、suchas等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Don’tdoanythingsilly,suchasmarryhim.④主句含有不定式,后面有ratherthan,ratherthan后省to。⑤Whynot、hadbetter、wouldrather、can’tbut等词后省to。如:Hecouldnotbutwalkhome.(8)不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或主补,宾补的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be*4*任何形式,后应该保留原形be或have。如:Susanisnotwhatsheusedtobe.—Youcamelatelastnight.Yououghttohavefinishedyourhomework.—IknowIoughttohave.常见的有:I’dlike/love/behappyto.2、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题动名词的形式:主动被动一般式(not)doing(not)beingdone完成式(not)havingdonehavingbeendone1)一般式:Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。2)被动式:Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3)完成式:Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。4)完成被动式:HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(1)动名词作宾语。①下列动词后只能接动名词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,eacape,permit。②下列动词短语接动名词:leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,beworth。③介词后要接动名词。whatabout、howabout、without、befondof、begoodat等介词后接动名词。注意on/upondoingsth.=assoonas引导的从中。作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。如onhisarrival…。④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别:begin,start,continue,like,love,dislike,hate,prefer,can’tstand例句解析1.Itbegantorain.Itbeganraining.2.Itwasbeginningtosnow.3.Ilovelying(tolie)onmyback.4.Ilikelisteningtomusic,buttodayIdon’tliketo.5.Idon’tprefertoswimintherivernow.1.意思无差别,但谓语动词用进行时,后面只跟不定式。2.表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语,如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式。*5*remember,forget,regret,try例句解析1.Iremembertomeetheratthestation.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.2.Iforgotgivingittoyouyesterday.Iforgottotellyouaboutit.Nowhereitis.3.Iregretnothavingworkingh