语言学教程胡壮麟

1AnIntroductiontoLinguistics语言学导论胡壮麟主编《语言学教程》（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社2001年Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.1Whystudylanguage?Languagesarethebestmirrorofthehumanmind.--Leibniz(莱布尼兹1646-1716)psychologymind/brainpedagogycognitivescienceThethreebasicquestionsthatconcernChomskyare:(i)Whatconstitutesknowledgeoflanguage?(ii)Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?(iii)Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?Leibniz,GottfriedWilhelm(1646-1716)Germanrationalistphilosopher,mathematician,andlogician.Hespenthislifeinthediplomaticandpoliticalserviceandin1700wasappointedfirstpresidentoftheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.Leibnizischieflyknownasanexponentofoptimism;hebelievedthattheworldisfundamentallyharmoniousandgood,beingcomposedofsingleunits(monads),eachofwhichisself-containedbutactsinharmonywitheveryother;theseformanascendinghierarchyculminatinginGod.TheirharmonyisordainedbyGod,whoneveractsexceptforareasonthatrequiresit,andsothisworldisthebestofallpossibleworlds(aviewsatirizedinVoltaire'sCandide).Leibnizmadetheimportantdistinctionbetweennecessary(logical)truthsandcontingent(factual)truths,andproposedauniversallogicallanguagethatwouldeliminateambiguity.HealsodevisedamethodofcalculusindependentlyofNewton.Chomsky,(Avram)Noam(1928-–)UStheoreticallinguistandpoliticalactivist.HistheoryoftransformationalgrammarissetoutinSyntacticStructures(1957).Adistinctionismadebetweenaspeaker'slinguisticcompetence,whichisidealized,andactualperformance;thetheorysetsouttoaccountonlyfortheformer.Chomskyhasrevisedthetheorysince1957.1.2Whatislanguage?Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.–Sapir（萨丕尔1884-1939)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Wardhaugh（沃道）Alanguageisaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.–Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928-）Alanguageisasystemformeanings.–Halliday（韩礼德1925-）Weshalldefinelanguageas“meaningpotential”:thatis,assetsofoptions,oralternatives,inmeaning,thatareavailabletothespeaker-hearer.–HallidaySapir,Edward(1884-1939)German-bornUSlinguisticsscholarandanthropologist.OneofthefoundersofAmericanstructurallinguistics,hecarriedoutimportantworkonAmericanIndian2languagesandlinguistictheory.HisbookLanguage(1921)presentshisthesisthatlanguageshouldbestudiedwithinitssocialandculturalcontext.AccordingtotheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,inwhichSapircollaboratedwithhispupilBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941),aculture'slanguageembodiesthewayinwhichitunderstandstheworldanddictateshowthosewhousethatlanguagethinkabouttheworld.Thismaybeduetostructuralfactors,suchasthewaytimeisexpressedinverbtenses,aswellastomoresuperficiallyobviousfeaturessuchasvocabulary.1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageDesignfeaturesConceptintroducedbyC.F.Hockettinthe1960sofasetofkeypropertiesoflanguagenotsharedornotknowntobeshared,asaset,withsystemsofcommunicationinanyotherspecies.Theirnumberandnamesvaryfromoneaccounttoanother;butallinclude,asamongthemostimportant,thepropertiesofduality,arbitrariness,andproductivity.1.3.1Arbitrariness任意性:Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural(i.e.logical)relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.书booklivrerosemotivated理据sheepcowmoomooquackoinkbedroomWhat’sinaname?thatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.–Shakespeare(莎士比亚1564-1616)名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。--《荀子·正名》1.3.2Duality二重性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower(secondary)levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,suchas[],[],[],[],[],[]whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunits(morphemes,words,suchashe,left)whichconstituteahigher(primary)level.a:pkpa:kparkka:pcarp1.3.3Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.1.3.4Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Dai(1989):1.creativity,2.arbitrariness,3.duality,4.displacement,5.culturaltransmissionHu(1988):1.arbitrabiness2.duality3.productivity4.displacement5.culturaltransmission6.interchangabilityHu(2001):1.arbitrariness2.duality3.productivity4.displacementWang(1988):1.双层性2.能产性3.任意性4.互易性5.专用性6.不受环境限制7.传授性1.4Originoflanguagespeculativeandcontroversial31.5Functionsoflanguage1.5.1Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.(alternativelytermedideationalfunctioninHallidayanframework)1.5.2Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.1.5.3Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.”1.5.4Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.“Ouch!”,“I’mterriblysorryabout…”(alternativelycalledexpressivefunction)1.5.5Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingaboutthe