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ChapterOneLanguage1.Definethefollowingterms1)discreteness2)designfeatures3)arbitrariness4)duality5)displacement6)culturaltransmission7)theimaginativefunctionoflanguage8)thepersonalfunctionoflanguage9)theheuristicfunctionoflanguage10)language2.MultipleChoiceDirections:Ineachquestiontherearefourchoices.Decidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionortocompletethesentencebest.1)Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.crashC.typewriterD.bang2)Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade”is________.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative3)InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctiondoesitperform?A.Interpersonal.B.Emotive.CPerformative.D.Recreational.4)Whichofthefollowingpropertiesoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.interchangeability.B.Duality.C.Displacement.D.Arbitrariness.5)Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.Phatic.C.Peformative.D.Interpersonal.6)Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageis.A.stimulusfreeB.stimulusboundC.underimmediatestimuluscontrolD.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest.7)Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?A.interpersonalfunctionB.performativefunctionC.informativefunctionD.recreationalfunction8)Indifferentlanguages,differenttermsareusedtoexpresstheanimal“狗”,thisshowsthenatureof---ofhumanlanguage.AarbitrarinessBculturaltransmissionCdisplacementDdiscreteness9)Whichofthefollowingdisciplinesarerelatedtoappliedlinguistics?A.statisticsB.psycholinguisticsC.physicsD.philosophy10)hasbeenwidelyacceptedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.JohnLyons3.WordCompletionDirections:Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.1)Designfeatures,aframeworkproposedbytheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,refertothe________propertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishesitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.2)________referstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.Forinstance,thedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/isnotactuallyverygreat,butwhenthesesoundsarepartofalanguagelikeEnglish,theyareusedinsuchawaythattheoccurrenceofoneratherthantheotherismeaningful.3)Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermedp_______orc________.4)Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguageitself.Thisfunctionism________function.5)Culturaltransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageisc________transmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyi_________.6)Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof________overwriting.7)The________functionreferstotheuseoflanguagetocommunicateknowledgeabouttheworld,toreportevents,tomakestatements,togiveaccounts,toexplainrelationships,torelaymessagesandsoon.8)The________functionreferstolanguageusedtoensuresocialmaintenance.Phaticcommunionispartofit.ThetermphaticcommunionintroducedbytheanthropologistBronislawMalinowskireferstolanguageusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchangingfacts.9)LanguageisasystemofarbitrarysymbolsusedforhumanCommunication.10)Languagehastwolevels.Theyare______leveland______level.11)Languageisa________becauseeverylanguageconsistsofasetofruleswhichunderliepeople’sactualspeechorwriting.12)The_functionreferstolanguageusedinanattempttocontroleventsoncetheyhappen.13)Thedesignfeaturesoflanguageare(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)and(7)_______.14)Bysaying“languageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand.15)Thefourprinciplesinthelinguisticstudyare(1)(2)(3)and(4).4.TrueorFalseQuestionsDirections:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalseinthebracketbeforeeachofthem.1)()Therelationbetweenformandmeaninginhumanlanguageisnatural.2)()Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesaninformativefunction.3)()ThereasonforFrenchtousechevalandforEnglishtousehorsetorefertothesameanimalisinexplicable.4)()Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.5)()Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.6)()Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.7)()Intheory,thelengthofsentencesislimited.8)()Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisarbitrary.9)()Linguisticsymbolsareakindofvisualsymbols,whichincludevocalsymbols.10)()Linguisticsymbolsareproducedbyhumanspeechorgans.11)()Everylanguagehastwolevels:grammatically—meaninglessandsound—meaningful.12)()Suchfeaturesoflanguageasbeingcreative,vocal,andarbitrarycandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystems.13)()Dua