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Chapter4Morphologyeandtheformationofwords.nounsdonotchangeformtoexpressplurality.Similarly,someregularverbsdonotchangeformtoindicatepasttense.Inthesetwocases,thenounorverbcontainstwomorphemes,amongwhichthereisone“zeroform”ofamorpheme.ularchangeswhentheyareinpasttense.Inthiscase,theverbsalsohavetwomorphemes.Wordswhicharenotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeirrootsarecalledsuppletives.ewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemesarecalledfreemorphemes.attachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwords.Thesemorphemesarecalledboundmorphemes.ionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeusedindependentlyinspeechorwriting.suffixes).sofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.words.aredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.thusformedarecalledderivatives.-s,-’s,-er,-est,-ing,-ed,-srdbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.numberofaffixes.Forexample,ifweaddaffixestothewordfriend,wecanformbefriend,friendly,unfriendly,friendliness,unfriendliness,etc.Thisprocessofaddingmorethanoneaffixtoafreemorphemeistermedcomplexderivation.cannotbeaddedtomorphemesofadifferentlanguageorigin.nglishcompoundsarethecombinationofwordsfromthethreeclasses–nouns,verbsandadjectives–andfallintothethreeclasses.thesumofmeaningofthecomponents.ysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables.example,thewordsbus(omnibus),vet(veterinarian),gym(gymnasium),fridge(refrigerator)andfax(facsimile)arerarelyusedintheircompleteform.-morphemicpartsofexistingwords.Forexample,smog(smoke+frog),brunch(amealinthemiddleofmorning,replacingbothbreakfastandlunch),motel(motor+hotel).Thereisalsoaninterestingwordinthetextbookforjuniormiddleschoolstudents–“plike”(akindofmachinethatislikebothaplaneandabike).-formation-formationistheprocessthatcreatesanewwordbydroppingarealorsupposedsuffix.Forexample,thewordteleviseisback-formedfromtelevision.Originally,thewordtelevisionisformedbyputtingtheprefixtele-(far)totherootvision(viewing).Atthesametime,thereisasuffix–sioninEnglishindicatingnouns.Thenpeopleconsiderthe–sioninthewordtelevisionasthatsuffixanddropittoformtheverbtelevise.tionsareformedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofallwordsinaphraseortitle.letterbyletter.anizationsandscientificterminology.wordsandwichisacommonnounoriginatingfromthefourthEarlofSandwich,whoputhisfoodbetweentwoslicesofbreadsothathecouldeatwhilegambling.anewproduct.Forexample,KodakandCoca-cola.Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：–phonemesIfsoundsappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.sameposition.position.alphabetareincontrastivedistribution.soundscanhardlybefoundincontrastivedistributioninEnglish.However,thesesoundsaredistinctiveintermsofphoneticfeatures.Therefore,theyareseparatephonemes.–allophonesepositionaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.allophonesofthesamephoneme.titutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.-distinctivefeaturesnon-distinctivefeatures.tivefeaturesinonelanguagemaybenon-distinctiveinanother.pronunciationsinspeech.specificcontextisanothermajorquestioninphonology.inphonologyasrules.ples.–[-voiced]/[-voiced+consonant]_-voiced+bilabial+stop]–unaspirated/[-voiced+alveolar+fricative]_asanucleus,whichisusuallyavowel.ormoreconsonantscalledthecoda.canbeputtogether.gaps.algapsbuttheywillneverfillsystematicgaps.suprasegmentalfeatures.theperceivedprominenceofoneormoresyllabicelementsoverothersinaword.ondarystress.unpredictable.guishutterancemeaning.speaker.-rise.uishwords.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：–theproductionofspeechsounds–thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds–theperceptivemechanismofspeechsoundsOralcavityPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).symbolsareenclosedinbrackets[]todistinguishphonetictranscriptionsfromthespellingsystemofalanguage.on(narrowtranscription)asoundmaybetranscribedwithasymboltowhichasmallerisaddedinordertomarkthefinerdistinctions.antdescriptionobstructed.soundsareproduced.inthedirectionofthepalatearecallednaturalclasses.-vowelboundary.analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1.解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2.给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a.removablem.syllabicb.formaln.normalc.practicableo.workabled.sensiblep.writtene.tangibleq.usualf.logicalr.thinkableg.regulars.humanh.proportionatet.relevanti.effectiveu.editablej.elasticv.mobilek.ductivew.legall.rationalx.discreet3.语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。那么语素是语法概念还是语义概念？它跟单位是什么关系？语素和音位能够构成一个有机整体吗？4.阅读下面一段话，列出所有能找到的功能词。（包括be的所有形式，都看作功能词）并给出这段话中功能词的百分比。Shewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewasalreadypastseventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthiswashwoman,smallandthinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationofpeasantancestors.Motherwouldcountouttoherabagoflaundrythathadaccumulatedoverseveralweeks.Shewouldlifttheheavybag,loaditonhernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongwayhome.5.完全由两个或更多的较小形式构成的自由形式是词组。不是词组的自由形式是词。那么，词……是最小的自由形式。（布龙菲尔德，1935：178）回答下面的问题：（a）词这个术语是有歧义