UnitedStatesStrategiesCoveringtheMilitaryField美国军事领域之战略Therewerebroughtupin2004withthefollowingfourstrategies.Theyarenationalsecuritystrategy,nationaldefensestrategy,nationalmilitarystrategy,andtheaterstrategy.Theirdefinitionsareasfollows:Nationalsecuritystrategy—AdocumentapprovedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesfordeveloping,applying,andcoordinatingtheinstrumentsofnationalpowertoachieveobjectivesthatcontributetonationalsecurity.Nationaldefensestrategy—AdocumentapprovedbytheSecretaryofDefenseforapplyingtheArmedForcesoftheUnitedStatesincoordinationwithDepartmentofDefenseagenciesandotherinstrumentsofnationalpowertoachievenationalsecuritystrategyobjectives.Nationalmilitarystrategy—AdocumentapprovedbytheChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStafffordistributingandapplyingmilitarypowertoattainnationalsecuritystrategyandnationaldefensestrategyobjectives.Theaterstrategydefinedbythecommander-in-chiefoftheunifiedcommandestablishedbythePresident—Anoverarchingconstructoutliningacombatantcommander’svisionforintegratingandsynchronizingmilitaryactivitiesandoperationswiththeotherinstrumentsofnationalpowerinordertoachievenationalstrategicobjectives.在2004年提出了以下四种战略:国家安全战略、国防战略、国家军事战略以及(总统确认的统一指挥部最高指挥官)确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围之战略。它们的定义分别是:国家安全战略是总统正式批准文件,旨在发展、使用和协调国家手段之能力,为实现国家安全目的做出贡献。国防战略是国防部长正式批准文件,旨在国防部机构协调使用美国武装力量以及国家其他手段能力,藉以实现国家安全战略之目的。国家军事战略是参谋长联席会议主席正式批准文件,旨在配置和使用军事能力,藉以实现国家安全战略和国防战略之目的。(总统确认的统一指挥部参战最高指挥官)确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略是统一控制一切其他目的之概念、指示有远见的统一指挥部参战最高指挥官把握军事行动和作战与使用国家其他手段能力达到统一和同步之能力,藉以实现国家战略之目的。Herewecanseeclearlythatthefourstrategiesconstituteguidingrelationshipsfromthetopdown,andmakeupsubordinateandservicerelationshipfromthebottomup.Thatistosay,thehigherlevelofstrategyisthereferenceforformulatingthelowerlevelofstrategy;thelowerlevelstrategyissubordinatetoandservesthehigherlevelstrategy,thebaseofthehigherlevelstrategy.由此可见,这四种战略从上至下构成指导关系,从下至上构成服从和服务关系。也就是说,上个层次的战略是制定下个层次战略的依据,下个层次的战略服从和服务于上个层次的战略,是上个层次战略的基础。2.DifferencesbetweenTheseStrategies不同战略之间的差别Firstly,theonewhoestablishorsignthestrategyisdifferent.NationalsecuritystrategyissignedbythePresident;whilenationaldefensestrategyissignedbytheSecretaryofDefense;nationalmilitarystrategyissignedbytheChairmanofJointChiefsofStaff;theaterstrategyissignedbythecommander-in-chiefoftheunifiedcommand.首先,不同战略确认或正式批准签发人不同。国家安全战略由总统正式批准签发;国防战略由国防部长正式批准签发;国家军事战略由参谋长联席会议主席正式批准签发;(统一指挥部参战最高指挥官)确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略由统一指挥部参战最高指挥官正式批准签发。Secondly,theiraimsdiffer.Thegoalofnationalsecuritystrategyistokeepthepoliticsandeconomyfree,maintainthepeacefulrelationshipwithothercountries,respecthumandignity,andnotonlymaketheworldsecurebutalsobetter.ThegoalofnationaldefensestrategyistomakesurethattheUSfreefromdirectattack,ensurestrategicentranceandmaintainglobalactionfreedom,tightentherelationsamongalliesandpartners,setupbeneficialsecurityconditions.ThegoalofnationalmilitarystrategyistoprotecttheUSfromexternalattackandinvasion,preventconflictandsurpriseattack,defeattheopponents.Therefore,thehigherlevelstrategicgoalisbroaderandmacrowhereasthelowerlevelstrategyismorespecificandmicroandsupportsthegoalofhigherlevelstrategy.其次,不同战略不同目的。国家安全战略的目的是:政治和经济自由、与其他国家保持和平关系、尊重人的尊严、不仅使世界更安全而且使世界更美好。国防战略的目的是:确保美国免遭直接攻击、确保战略进入和保持全球行动自由、加强盟国与伙伴关系、建立有利的安全条件。国家军事战略的目的是:保护美国免遭外来进攻和侵略、预防冲突和突然进攻、战胜对手。由此可见,上一层次战略的目的比较宽泛,比较宏观;下一层次战略的目的比较具体,比较微观,并且直接支持上一层次战略的目的。Lastly,thefieldsofapplicationaredifferent.Nationalsecuritystrategyisappliedinallkindsofareasincludingnationalpolitics,economy,militaryanddiplomacy;nationalmilitarystrategyissuitableforthedistributionandapplicationofnationalmilitaryforce;theaterstrategyisusedinthepreparationofvarioustheaterstotakeactions,theformulationofcombatplan,theapplicationofjointtroopsandetc.Inall,thehigherthelevelofthestrategy,thebroaderscopeitcanbeapplied;thelowerthelevelofthestrategy,thenarrowerscopeitcanbeapplied.最后,适用范围不同。国家安全战略适用于国家政治、经济、军事、外交各个领域;国家军事战略适用于国家军事力量的配置和使用;(统一指挥部参战最高指挥官)确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略则用于作战行动的准备、作战计划的制定、联合部队的使用等。由此可见,战略层次越高,适用范围越大,战略层次越低,适用范围越小。ChangeofWarPatternsandReformofMilitaryTraining战争(特征)形态变化和军事训练之改革土耳其伊斯马耶尔上校–同声传译PrussianmilitarystrategistCarlvonClausewitsoncesaid“Everyagehasitsownkindofwar,itsownlimitingconditions,anditsownpreconceptions.Eachperiod,therefore,wouldhaveheldtoitsowntheoryofwar.普鲁士军事战略家克劳塞维茨曾说过:“各个时代都有本时代的战争,自身的限制条件和预想。因此,每个历史阶段都会坚持自己的战争理论。”Thenatureofwarischangingandtherateofchangeismorerapidthananysimilarperiodofmodernhistory.战争的特征正在变化,其变化速度比现代史上任何类似历史阶段都要快。Today,thepost-industrialagehasbeguntogivewaytotheinformationage.Wecanconsiderthatfuturewarfarewillcontinuetoemphasizethecapacitytokillwithgreaterandgreaterefficiency.今天,工业后时代已经开始让位于信息时代。我们可以判断未来战争将继续强调更加有效的扼杀能力。Cyberattacksarebecomingmorefrequent,moreorganizedandmorecostlyinthedamagethattheyinflictongovernmentadministrations,business,economiesandpotentiallyalsotransportationandsupplynetworksandothercriticalinfrastructure.互联网攻击变得日益频繁、更加有组织,对政府行政监督机构、商业活动和经济带来更加严重的损失,并对运输和供应网络和其他关键性永久设施造成潜在的严重危害。Anumberofsignificanttechnology-relatedtrends–includingthedevelopmentoflaserweapons,electronicwarfareandt