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第二章土力学Chapter2Soilmechanics21.Conceptsinfoundationengineering基础工程中的一些概念soilmechanics土力学engineeringgeology工程地质学foundationengineering基础工程学theory理论experience经验22.Descriptionofsoilproperties土性质的描述indexproperties指数性质soilclassification土分类stresscondition应力条件permeability渗透性deformationproperty变形特性shearstrength抗剪强度watercontent含水量voidratio孔隙比unitweight容重23.Definitionofgeotechnicalterms岩土工程术语的定义voidratio孔隙比porosity孔隙率watercontent含水量unitweight容重dryunitweight干容重unitweightofsolid固体容重specificgravity比重degreeofsaturation[,sætʃə'reiʃən]饱和度gas气体water水solid固体24.Determinationofgrainsizedistribution粒径大小分布的测定grainsize粒径percentfiner小于某一粒径颗粒的累计百分数hydrometeranalysis液体比重计分析sieveanalysis筛分sand砂土effectivegrainsize有效粒径coefficientofuniformity均匀系数wellgraded级配良好uniformlygraded级配均匀poorlysorted不良分选poorlygraded级配不良clay粘土silt粉土sand砂土gravel砾石25.Plasticityofsoils土的塑性plasticityindex塑性指数shrinkagelimit收缩界限plasticlimit塑限liquidlimit液限watercontent含水量26.Plasticitychart塑性图liquidlimit液限lowplasticity低塑性mediumplasticity中等塑性highplasticity高塑性A-lineA-线clay粘土silt粉土plasticityindex塑性指数semisolid半固体volume体积27.Distinctionbetweenclayandsilt粘土和粉土的区别plasticity塑性settlementrate沉降速率dilatancy[dai'leitənsi]剪胀性drystrength干强度settlements沉降suspension[sə'spenʃən]悬浮28.Structureofclay粘土的结构dispersed[di'spə:st]分散flocculated['flɔkjuleitid]絮凝positivecharge正电荷negativecharge负电荷29.StandardProctorcompactiontest标准普洛克脱击实试验dryunitweight干容重drydensity干密度maximumdrydensity最大干密度saturated饱和optimumwatercontent最佳含水量watercontent含水量30.Proctorcompactiontests普洛克脱击实试验standardProctortest标准普氏试验modifiedProctortest修正普氏试验blows击数layer层31.Compactioncurves压实曲线clay粘土silt粉土sand砂土till冰碛土standard标准modified修正watercontent含水量drydensity干密度32.Unifiedsoilclassificationsystem土的统一分类体系gravel砾石sand砂土silt粉土clay粘土organic有机peat泥炭wellgraded级配良好poorlygraded级配不良silty粉质clayey粘质lowplasticity低塑性highplasticity高塑性ML低塑性粉土CL低塑性粘土OL低塑性有机土MH高塑性粉土CH高塑性粘土OH高塑性有机土liquidlimit液限33.Tripartite[,trai'pɑ:tait]soilclassificationchart土分类的三角坐标图percent百分比clay粘粒sand砂粒silt粉粒particlesize粒径34.BritishStandardCodeofPracticeforSoilInvestigations（CP2001）英国实用标准地基土勘察规范soildescription土描述consistence稠度density密度structure结构colour颜色particlesize粒径geologicalformation地质成因cohesivesoils粘性土cohesionlesssoils无粘性土fissured['fiʃəd]裂隙laminated['læmineitid]片状35.Rockdescription（CP2001）岩石描述colour颜色grainsize颗粒大小texture['tekstʃə]纹理structure结构stateofweathering风化状态rockname岩石名称strength强度mineralfragments矿物碎片rockfragments岩石碎片crystalline['kristəlain]结晶体amorphous[ə'mɔ:fəs]无定形laminated片状foliated页状uniaxial[,ju:ni'æksiəl]compression单轴抗压pointloadtests点荷载试验coarsegrained粗颗粒micaceous[mai'keiʃəs]云母片massive块状moderatelyweathered中等风化sandstone砂岩36.Darcy’slaw达西定理coefficientofpermeability渗透系数hydraulicgradient水力梯度flow流动grossarea毛面积/建筑面积crossarea截面积37.Permeameter[,pə:mi'æmitə]fordeterminationoflaboratorypermeability用于室内测定渗透性的渗透仪standpipe测压管Darcy’slaw达西定理38.Pumpingtestfordeterminationoffieldpermeability测定现场渗透性抽水试验permeability渗透性piezometer孔隙水压仪infiltration[,infil'treiʃən]test渗入试验39.Permeabilityofsoils土的渗透性gravel砾石sand砂silt粉土clay粘土pumpingtest抽汲试验permeabilitytest渗透性试验constanthead恒定水头fallinghead降落水头consolidationtest固结试验40.Flownetdetermination流网绘制flowline流线equipotentialline等势线41.Effectivestressconcept有效应力概念effectivestress有效应力porewaterpressure孔隙水压力totalstress总应力42.Seepagepressure（negativeporewaterpressure）渗流压力（负的孔隙水压力）effectivestress有效应力seepagepressure渗流压力totalstress总应力43.Seepagepressure（positiveporewaterpressure）渗流压力（正的孔隙水压力）effectivestress有效应力seepagepressure渗流压力totalstress总应力quickcondition流砂条件44.Stress-strainrelationshipofsoil土的应力-应变关系stress应力strain应变secant['si:kənt,-kænt]modulus割线模量ultimatestress极限应力45.Hyperbolicstress-strainrelationship双曲线的应力-应变关系stress应力strain应变hyperboliccurve双曲线46.Modulusofelasticity弹性模量stress-strainrelationship应力-应变关系Poisson’sratio泊松比47.Shearmodulus剪切模量shearstress剪应力shearmodulus剪切模量sheardeformation剪切变形48.Compressionmodulus压缩模量coefficientoflateralearthpressureatrest侧向静止土压力系数49.Stabilityoffootingonsoil土中基脚的稳定性shearstrength抗剪强度failuresurface破坏面heave隆起50.Coulomb-Mohrfailurecriterion[krai'tiəriən]库仑-摩尔破坏准则Coulomb-Mohr库仑-摩尔Terzaghi-Hvorslev太沙基-伏斯列夫angleofinternalfriction内摩擦角attraction内在压力cohesion内聚力shearstrength抗剪强度normalstress法向应力51.Mohr’sstresscircle摩尔应力圆shearstress剪应力normalstress法向应力failuresurface破坏面frictionangle摩擦角cohesion内聚力52.Effectivestressconcept有效应力概念ambient['æmbiənt]stress周围应力deviator['di:vieitə]stress偏应力porewaterpressure孔隙水压力porepressurecoefficientA孔隙压力系数AporepressurecoefficientB孔隙压力系数B53.Mohr’scircleforclaysoil粘土的摩尔圆shearstress剪应力normalstress法向应力compressionstress压缩应力54.Stresspathconcept应力路径概念p-qcurvep-q曲线55.Stresspathconcept，fkfailureline应力路径概念，fk破坏线cohesion内聚力frictionangle摩擦角56.Typicalvaluesofangleofinternalfrictionofsoils土的内摩擦角的典型值gravel砾石sand砂土silt粉土clay粘土relativedensity相对密度angularity[,æŋɡju'lærəti]棱角度gradation级配particlesize粒径57.Undrainedshearstrengthofcohesivesoils粘性土的不排水抗剪强度c/p-ratioc/p比effectivestress有效应力undrainedshearstrength不排水抗剪强度groundwaterlevel地下水位fieldvanetest现场十字板试验58.c/p-ratioofclays粘土的c/p比normallyconsolidatedclay正常固结粘土plasticityindex塑性指数59.Correctionfactorforundrainedshe