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111BBaassiiccCCoonncceeppttss基基本本概概念念1.1thedefinitionofaword（Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.）1.2soundandmeaning：symbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.1.3soundandform：1.4vocabulary1.5classificationofwords词汇分类basicwordstock基本词汇nonbasicvocabulary非基本词汇byusefrequency按使用频率分：basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇bynotion按概念分：contentwordsandfunctionalwords实义词和功能词byorigin按起源分：nativewordsandborrowedwords本地词和外来词allnationalcharacter全民性stability稳定性productivity多产性polysemy一词多义collocability搭配性terminology术语jargon行话slang俚语argon黑话dialectalwords方言词archaism古语词neologism新词neutralinstyle文体上中性frequentinuse使用频繁nativewords本地词borrowedwords外来词denizens同化词aliens异形词translation-loans译借词semantic-loans借义词1.Noenoughletters:alphabetfromLatin2.Pronunciationchangedmorerapidly3.Earlyscribes:changespellingforeasierrecognition4.Borrowing:differentrulesofpronunciationandspellingobviouscharacteristics明显的特点(Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirownandtheirmainfunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,words,etc.)222DDeevveellooppmmeennttItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.2.1Indo-European印欧语Easternset：东部诸语族Westernset：西部诸语族Balto-Slavic波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian印度-伊朗语Armenian亚美尼亚语Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语Celtic凯尔特语Italic意大利语Hellenic希腊语—GreekGermanic日耳曼语Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉国语Hindi印地语Romany普吉赛语Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄语Norwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish佛兰德语English英语Yiddish依地语Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Italian意大利语Roumanian罗马尼亚语Scottish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士语Breton布里多尼语Scandinavianlanguages斯堪的纳维亚语Latin拉丁语言32.2Historicalreview历史概述2.3GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment50000-60000words5万~6万间词汇Highlyinflected高度曲折complexendings复杂的结尾vowelchanges元音变化Frenchwords法语词汇leveledendings水平结尾EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)早期现代英语LateModernEnglish(1700-uptothepresent)晚期现代英语Borrow借词newwords新词noendings无结尾（fromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage。从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。）therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology（45％）现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（45％）social,economicandpoliticalchanges（11％）社会，经济和政治的变化（11％）theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages（24％）其它文化和语言的影响（24％）Creation创词——formationofnewwords,mostimportantsemanticchange旧词新义——oldformwithnewmeaning,newusagesborrowing借词——vitalroleOldEnglish(450--1150)——Anglo-Saxon古英语盎格鲁-撒克逊语MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)中古英语ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)现代英语threemainsources三种主要来源433WWoorrddFFoorrmmaattiioonn3.1Morphemes词素Definition:Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords..词素是“构词中最小功能单位”。3.2Allomorphs语素变体Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.'Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning'.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。morpheme3.3TypesofMorphemes3.4RootandStemTheaffixationandcompoundinginvolvedifferentword-formingelements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素monomorphemicwords：canstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.单语素词在句子中独立起作用allomorphs：thealternativemorphsofthesamemorpheme词素变体可替换语素（音标）的相同词素freemorpheme——freeroot自由语素自由词根boundmorpheme粘着语素boundroot：fundamentalmeaning粘着词根基本意义affix词缀（附加物）attach,modify附着，修饰Inflectionalaffix——attachedtotheendofwords附在词尾曲折词缀Grammaticalrelationships文法关系derivationalaffix派生词缀prefix前缀Suffix后缀affix词缀rootorstem词根或词干Independent独立freegrammaticalunits自由的语法单位completemeanings完整的意义544WWoorrdd--ffoorrmmaattiioonnWordformation构词的方式4.1Affixation词缀法fallsintotwosubclasses（子类）:Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。4.1.1Prefixation前缀法（weshallclassifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups我们可以在语义基础上将前缀分为九类）Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。affixation(30%-40%)词缀法（30%--40%）compounding(28%-30%)复合法(28%-30%）conversion(26%)转化法（26%）shortening(8%-10%)缩略法（8%-10%）blendingandothermeans(1%-5%)拼缀法和其他方法（1％-5%）clipping删节acronymy首字母缩略法prefixation前缀法——beforetheword,modifythemeaning前置，改词意suffixation后缀法——aftertheword,changewordclass后置，改词性Negativeprefixes否定前缀(a-,an-,dis-,in-,non-,un-)Reversativeprefixes逆反前缀(de-,dis-,un-)Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀(mal-,mis-,pseudo-)Prefixesofdegreeorsize程度大小前缀(arch-,co-,hyper-,mini-,out