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WordFormationWordFormationInanylanguagenewwordsareoftencreated.Thecreationofnewwordsiscalledwordformationorwordbuilding.Wordformationisusefultousbecauseitcanenrichourvocabularybylearningsomemajorways.Themostimportantwayofwordformationarecompoundingandderivative.TypesofWordFormationCompounding(合成法）AcronymDerivation（派生法）InitialismConversion（转化法）Backformation（逆向构词法）Clipping（截短构词法）BlendingCompoundingPuttingtwoindependwordstogether,thiswayofbuildingnewwordsiscalledcompounding.Compoundshavestrictpatterns.Thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound'snewwordclass.NounCompoundsn.＋n.horseback,bank-note,newspaperadj.＋n.back-yard,forehea，greenhouse,v-ing＋n.hiding-place,reading-roomadv.＋n.output,overflowv.＋n.pickpocket,break-waterpron.＋n.he-goat,she-wolfVerbcompoundsn.＋v.day-dream，sun-batheadv.＋v.overcome,upturn，overcome,adj.＋v.white-wash,todry-cleanv.+v.tosleep-walkAdjectiveCompoundsadj.＋adj.bitter-sweet,dark-bluen.+adj.world-famous，snow-white,adv.＋adj.ever-green,over-sensitivenum.＋n.+adj.five-year-old,six-inch-tallv.+adj.stir-crazy其他复合词的构成复合副词名词+名词sideways名词+副词headfirst形容词+名词meanwhile介词+名词beforehand复合代词代词宾格或物主代词+self(selves)himself,ourselves某些不定代词+body(one,thing)everyone(everybody,everything),nobody(noone,nothing)DerivationAnothermajorwayofwordformationisderivation,whichisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.Darivationalaffixescanbediscribedintermsoftheirfunctionormeaning.Derivationalprocessesmaychangethegrammaticalpotentialofaword.Affixes(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive(常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misunderstand,misdirect(误导)(C)表示两个,双边的前缀：bi-bicolor(双色的),bicycle(D)表示相互,交互,在一起的前缀inter—interview,international,(E)表示又,再,重新的前缀re—review,return,rewrite(F)表示远的前缀tele–telephone,televisionSuffixes1.动词变名词：-tioneducation,invitation,prediction-mendevelopment,movement,-erteacher,worker,runner,singer-orvisitor,sailor,tutor,actor2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness,meanness,carelessness-ityability,possibility3.名词变形容词：-ywindy,rainy,healthy,funny,-ishfoolish,feverish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhelpful,careful,peaceful,-lesshomeless,helpless,carelessConversion(zero-derivation)转类构词法Definition:Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessofcreatingnewwordswithoutaddinganyaffixesissocalledzero-derivation.Conversionisusuallyfoundinwordscontainingonemorpheme.Somecompoundsarealsoconverted.Eg:Thepolicemachinegunthegang.SomeTypesofConversionⅠ名词与动词之间的词性转换a.noun→verb:e.g.tobutterthebreadb.verb→noun:e.g.takealookⅡ动词与形容词之间的词性转换a.adjective→verb：e.g.toopenthedoorb.verb→adjective：e.g.astand-upcomedianⅢadjective→noune.g.anasty，thepoorpreposition→verbe.g.toupthepriceBackformation逆向构词法Definition:Backformationisaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofsupossedaffix.e.g.television-televiseTeleviseasanewwordiscalledinverseword.(逆生词）Themajorityofinversewordsareverbs,andtheoriginalwordswhichmadeofinversewordsarenounandadjective.SometypesofbackformationNoun-verbpedlar-peddle（叫卖）swindler-swindle（诈骗）beggar-beg（乞讨）editor-edit（编辑Adjective→verbpeevish-peeve(气恼)cozy-coze（使感到舒适）lazy-laze（偷懒）greedy-greed（贪婪）gruesome-grue（因害怕发抖）Clipping(截短构词法)Definition:Clippingarethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Clippingisoftenfoundincasualspeech.(e.g.gas-gasoline)Thelatteroccursmuchlessfrequentlythantheformer.Clippingcandividedintothreeparts1.Cutofftheendofwords截去词的尾部:ad=advertisement（广告），demo=demonstration（演示），expo=exposition（展览会）2.Cutoffthebeginofwords截去词的首部：phone=telephone（电话），plane=airplane（飞机)3.Cutoffthebeginandendofwords截去词的首部和尾部：flu=influenza（流感），tec=detective（侦探）