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Chapter2LiteratureReviewSystemic-FunctionalGrammarregardsdiscourseaslanguagewhichisfunctionalormetafunctionalconstruct,whichmeansspeakersuselanguagetodescribevariousexperiencesoftherealworldandtheinterpersonalrelationshiparerealizedthroughconsistentdiscourseduringcommunication.Hallidayidentifiesthreemetafunctionsoflanguage,whichareatthesamelevelandofthesameimportance.Thefirstistheideationalfunction,usinglanguagetotalkaboutourexperienceoftheworld.Thesecondistheinterpersonalfunction,usinglanguagetointeractwithotherpeople.Thethirdisthetextualfunction,usinglanguagetoorganizeourmessages.ThisthesiswillmakeuseofHalliday'sSystemic-FunctionalGrammarasatheoreticalframeworktoexplorethegeneralrealizationoftheinterpersonalfunctionintheEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.Thischaptermainlyintendstogiveageneralaccountoftheinfluentialtheoriesontheinterpersonalfunctionbasedondifferentlinguists'modelsaswellassomeinfluentialtheoriesrelatedtoEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.2.1AnOverviewofInterpersonalFunctionFunctionallinguiststakethemainresponsibilitytodefinetheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.Fromtheirviewpoints,interpersonalfunctionreferstopeopleuselanguagetointeractwithotherpeopletoestablishandmaintainsocialandpersonalrelations,toinfluencetheirattitudesandbehaviors,toshowpersonalopersonalonthingsintheworld.Interpersonalfunctionoflanguagecanalsobetermedasinterpersonalmeaning.However,asLiZhanzi(2002)proposed,interpersonalfunctionisnotmerelyconfinedtotheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Itactuallyhasbeenstudiedforalongtimefromdifferentperspectivesbyvariouslinguists.Asearlyas1929,Bakhtin(1984)pointedoutthatmeaningneitherliesinthewordorthesoulofthespeakernorthelistener,buttheeffectofinteractionbetweenspeakerandlistenerproducedviathematerialofaparticularsoundcomplex.Thosewordshaverealizedthelanguagefunctionofbothconveyingmeaningandinteracting.Itshowstheelementarycognitionoftheinterpersonalfunction.Discourseanalyststakemuchinterestininterpersonalfunctionandstudyitfromaquitespecialperspective.Theyregardthediscourseasdynamicratherthanstaticandtakeaccountofallfactorsthatmayinfluencetheorganizationofthediscourse.Theytakenoticeofnotonlythepurposesandfunctionsofthediscoursesbutalsohowthediscoursesareprocessed.Theprocessincludesboththewaythereceivertakesinthepotentialmeaningoftheproducerandthewaytheproducerorganizesthemessageinconsiderationofthereceiveroncertainoccasion.Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthisprocessanddiscussit.Brown&Yule(1983,p.24)claimsitis';anapproachthattakestheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguageasitsprimaryareaofinvestigationandconsequentlyseekstodescribealinguisticform,notasastaticobject,butasadynamicmeansofexpressingintendedmeaning.Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthesocialandpsychologicalaspectsofthecompositionofadiscourse,butithasthevitaldeficiencyofneglectingthegrammaticaldemonstrationwhichmayresultintheoversubjectivejudgmentofthereceiver.Pragmaticlinguistspaygreatattentiononthesocialstatus,ageandsexofthespeakerandthehearerinthecontextofsituation.Pragmaticsisevenregardedasthedisciplinestudyinglinguisticinteractionbetween'I'and'you'(Wierzbicka,1999,p.5).Brown&Levinson(1978)putforwardthepolitenessprinciple,whichisinherentlyinterpersonal-oriented.Accordingtothistheory,peoplearetryingtosaveeachother'sfacewhentheyareengagedinspeechacts,whichissomethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintainedorenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction(Brown&Levinson,1978,p.66).Thoughpragmaticlinguists'viewpointoninterpersonalfunctioncanenlightentheanalysisontextuallevel,ithasthedeficiencyofneglectinggrammaticalstructure,either.Besideswhathasbeendiscussedabove,therearestillsomeothervoicesmakingresearchesontheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.However.theirdeficiencyiscommon,thatisneglectingthegrammaticalstructuresofthetextandlackingastandardtoscalethedifferentdegreesofinterpersonalfunctionondifferentoccasions.Nevertheless.theSystemic-FunctionalGrammarisabletosolvetheproblembyconnectingthegrammaticalstructurestothemeaningorfunctionoflanguage,andit.willbemainlyemployedinthepresentstudy.Meanwhile,somemeritsofthementionedstudyoninterpersonalfunctioncanalsobeincorporated.Thefollowingsectionwillreviewsomeotherinfluentialmodelsofinterpersonalfunctionfromthefunctionalgrammarperspectiveintoparticulars.2.2InfluentialModelsofInterpersonalFunctionThispartwillpresentfourinfluentialmodalsofinterpersonalfunctionstudiedbyfunctionallinguists.2.2.1Halliday'sModelofInterpersonalFunctionAccordingtoHalliday'sconceptualframeworkofSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,languageisviewedasasemioticsystem.Thissystemissustainedbyanetworkofinterrelatedandmufii-layeredsystemsofoptionsinmeaning.Inthissense,textisasemanticentity,whichisafunctionalconfigurationofchoiceofmeaning.Thusadiscoursegrammarindeedshouldbefunctionalandsemanticinitsorientation,withthegrammaticalstructuresexplainedastherealizationofsemanticpatterns.InSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,functionequalsmeaning(Halliday,2000).Hallidayputsforwardthreemetafunctionsoflanguageincludingtheideationalmetafunction,theinterpersonalmetafunction