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PunctuationPunctuationhelpstoclarifyandsometimesemphasizethemeaningofasentence.Itisnecessarytolearntouseallthepuncruationmarkscorrectly.标点符号有助于明确或强调句子的意思，因而有必要学会各种标点符号的使用方法。ITheComma逗号（，）逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。假如你说下面这句话：Whenhecame,Iwasbusycleaningmyroom.你说完came后稍停了一下，那也就是说把这个句子写出来时该打一个逗号的地方。但有时由于句子的结构需要也用逗号，即使在没有停顿的地方也一样。Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.ThissimpleruleisimportantforChinesetoremember,forinChinesewritingcommamaybeusedtoseparatecompletesentences.Theuseofacommainplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradashinEnglishwritingiscalledthecommafault.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldn’tworkinthefields.Theycouldn’tworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Ofcourse,itiseasytoseethattheimprovedsentenceslaystressindifferentpoints.Whichoneispreferabledependsonthecontextandthewriter’sintention.在并列句中，连词（and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet）的前面用逗号：Heaskedthequestioninaloudvoice,butnooneanswered.Weweretired,andwedecidedtohavearest.Comeearly,oryou’llmisstheshow.Shecouldn’tgototheairporttomeethim,norcouldshesendanyoneinherstead.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.Heisaneccentricboy,yetyoucan’thelplikinghim.如果两个或三个并列从句都很简短，意思又紧密相连，它们之间可不用连词而用逗号：Amemoirishistory,itisbasedonevidence.-E.M.forster逗号的这种用法是特殊情况，有时可在文学作品中见到。状语从句或短语（包括介词短语和分词短语）如放在句子的主语前面，或放在句子中间时，后面应用逗号：Whenthebellrang,theteacherdismissedtheclass.Intheancientpalace,theysawthethronewhereemperorsusedtosit.Toseetheimportanceofthisrailway,onehastolookatamap,BornandbroughtupintheSouth,sheisnotusedtoeatingwheat.Theaudience,interestedinthetopic,askedthespeakermanyquestions.如主语前的状语成分很短，其后可不加逗号，当然也要考虑避免造成误解：OnhearingthebignoiseIknewsomethingterriblehadhappened,Inonecorneroftheroomtheyfoundtheinjuredcat.主要从句在前，状语成分在后时，一般省去逗号：Iwastryingtoreachherbyphonewhenshewalked410intomyoffice.You’llbeunabletofinishtheworkintimeifyoudon’tstartatonce.一系列起同样作用的词语或短语要用逗号分开：Thelittlegirllikestosing,todance,andtoact.Shebuysbread,butter,vegetables,andmanyotherthingsfromthissupermarket.连词前的那个逗号，如省去不会造成误解，则可以省略。非限定性从句或短语和句子的主要部分之间要逗号隔开：WangLing,whoisthebestsingeroftheclass,willteachustosingthesong.Hehadtoleavehishometown,wherehehadlivedeversincehewasborn.Dr.Li,thenewchairmanofthedepartment,willspeakatthemeeting.Anoldlady,noddingandsmiling,invitedusin.限定性从句和短语则不用逗号分开：Theyoungman(whois)talkingwiththeforeignreportersistheinventorofthemachine.Thisisthehousewherethefamouspoetwasborn.插入语的前后用逗号分开：Yourwork,I’msorrytosay,isnotsatisfactory.Thedirector,infact,hasdoneverylittlework.Tocallaspadeaspade,theexperimentwasafailure.Theyhavemanycourse:Chinese,English,Mathematics,History,tonamejustafew.逗号经常用于下列例句所显示的地方：Yes,Ithinkso.No,it’snotverygood.Sheisthenewsecretary,isn’tshe?ThedelegationwillarriveonJanuary5,1993.Hesaid,“TheSummerPalaceislikeafairyland.”“TheSummerPalaceislikeafairyland,”hesaid.“TheSummerPalace,”hesaid,“islikeafairyland.”写日期时，如次序是一月一日一年，在日和年之间加逗号。如次序是日一月一年，则不加逗号:ShewasbornonMay24,1979.Shewasbornon24May1979.千以上的数字可用逗号按千数把数字分开，也就是从右往左每三个数字后加一个逗号：319，08723，654，085注意：英语不用顿号（、）。中文用顿号处，英语可用逗号。IIThePeriod句号（。）句号用在陈述句、语气舒缓的祈使句和间接引语问句之后，如：Everystudentshouldlearntousethepunctuationmarks.Learntousethepunctuationmarks.Theyaskedhowthesemicolonshouldbeused.句号表示句子末尾的停顿。如继续往下写的话，下一个词就该大写了，因为那是又一句的开始。省略词一般加句号：Mr.Mrs.Ms.Dr.Ph.D.U.S.Aa.m.U.KN.Y.I.Q.B.C.B.A.Bros.p.m.现在的趋势是在省略词后不加句号，尤其是在团体、通讯社和广播电台的名称后面：UNUNESCONATOBBCNBCYMCA如对省略词后是否加句号没有把握，可查阅较好的词典。稍稍分开的三个句号就成了省略号，表示在引语中省略了一个或更多的词。下面是一段引文：Thedescriptionsofappropriateusagearebasedonthedictaofrecognizedauthorities;onmyownexperienceasreader,writer,teacher,linguist,editor,andobserverofthelinguisticscene;andoccasionally,simplyonmyownpreferencesandprejudices如省略其中的词，就可写成这样：Thedescriptionsofappropriateusagearebasedonthedictaofrecognizedauthorities;onmyownexperienceasreader,writer,teacher…;andoccasionallysimplyonmyownpreferencesandprejudices三个稍稍分开的句号有时也表示说话停顿或延迟：“Whatdoyoumean?”“Imean…well,Imeanyouneedn’tbeinvolvedinit.”如在一句之末用省略号，后面还得加句号。这样一来，四个句号就用在一起了。IIITheSemicolon（；）两个并列从句之间如不用连词(and,but,or,for,so,yet),则应用分号；Nooneisbornwithknowledge;knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.Ifshemarriedthatman,herparentswouldbeunhappy;ifshelefthim,sheherselfwouldbeunhappy.以上各句都可以分成两个独立的句子而不改变原意。但连成一句使俩部分的联系比分成两句时要紧密一些。分号的主要功能便是表示意思相关的句子之间的联系。Thetripwasnotverywellplannedorprepared;therefore,itwasnotapleasantone.Sheplannedtogowiththemonthetrip;however,herson’ssuddenillnesspreventedherfromleavinghome.Busesarealwayscrowed;hencehepreferstocycle.Theinventionbroughthimfame;moreover,itbroughthimmoney.在上列各句中，分号均不可用逗号来代替。有的作家在so和yet前用分号而不用逗号，那是因为他们认为这两个词是副词。如若干项内已有逗号，可用分号将各项分开：IVTheColon（：）冒号可引进解释、小结或同位语：Sheshowedmethebooksshehadjustborrowedfromthelibrary:twonovelsbyjaneAustenandabookonthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Threecauseshavebeengivenforthefailure:poorplanning,insufficientmanpower,andtheshortageofmaterial.冒号用于引语或陈述句之前：Mygrandpaoftenmentionsone