英语语言学期末复习参考

语言学期末复习参考习题1QuestionsonLectureIII*Saussurelooksatlanguagefromthe____________pointofview,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromthe_____________pointofviewand_______looksatitfromthefunctionalpointofview.*_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofacommunity.*___________referstotheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.*Competenceisaformof“knowing”;________________isasetofpossibilitiesfor“doing”.*Linguisticsinvolvessuchbranchesas___________,__________,___________,______,_________.QuestionsonLectureIII*Langueisnotsuitableforstudy.*Paroleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent.*Langueissubjecttopersonalandsituationallimits.*Aperson'scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.*Aspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhiscompetence.*Theobjectofstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence.*Linguisticpotentialactuallyreferstoalotofpossibilitiestochoosefrom.*Thelinguisticpotentialvsactuallinguisticbehaviordistinctionisonebetweenwhataperson“knows”andwhathe“does”.习题2ExercisesforLectureIV*_______and______arethetwomajormediausedbynaturallanguagesforcommunication.*Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningful&ofinteresttophoneticiansarecalled______________ofL.*Phoneticsisthestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage,i.e.,thestudyofthe__________,____________and___________ofspeechsounds.*Phoneticsstudiesspeechsoundsfromthreedifferentangles.Accordingly,itcanbefurtherclassifiedintothreesub-branches:__________phonetics,________phoneticsand________phonetics.*Thespeechorgansarealsocalledthe____________,whosesecondaryuseistoproduce_____________.ExercisesforLectureIV*Thespeechorgansarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:the________________,the________andthe___________.*Atthetopofthetracheaisthe______,thefrontofwhichistheAdam’sapple.*The____cavitymakesthegreatestmodificationofspeechsounds.*Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalled______________.*[f,s,p]areofthe________________.*__________aresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairstreamandmaybeeithervoicedorvoiceless.ExercisesforLectureIV*For__________consonants,theobstructiontakesplacebetweenthelowerlipandthefrontupperteeth.*________consonantsaremadebycompletelyshuttinguptheairpassageatsomepointsinthemouthandloweringthesoftpalatetolettheairgooutthroughthenose.*ThatdifferentLshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis________.*________areproducedinSindhiwhichusesthepharynxairtopushdownthelarynxsothattheairissuckedintothemouth.*The_____ofasounddependsontherateofvibrationofthevocalcordsExercisesforLectureIV*Phoneticsalsostudiesthesoundofone’scough.*Phoneticsisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.*Thebranchofphoneticswhichstudiestheperceptionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.*Whenthevocalcordsareheldtightly,thereisonlyanarrowpassagebetweenthem.Thisisthepositionwhenoneisbreathingnormally.*Allvowelsandnoconsonantsareproducedwiththevibrationofvocalcords.*GlottalstopoccursintheEnglishlanguage.*TheEnglishspokensounds,likeanyotherlanguage,aregenerallydividedintotwomainclasses:vowelsandconsonants.ExercisesforLectureIV*Speechsoundsarelimitedinnumber.*Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,writingismorebasicthanspeech.*Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.*Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.习题3Exercises*Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.*Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.*Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.*Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.*Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthesecondelement,whilethefirstelementreceivessecondarystress.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag__________meaning.*B____morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.*D_______affixesareaddedtoaformtocreatewords.*Therulesgoverningwhichaffixareaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformnewwordsarem___________rules.*Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,c___________canbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoormorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.Exercises*Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)___.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme*Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof___.A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelementC.eitherthefirstorthesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelement*____isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.PhoneticsB.PhonemeC.MorphologyD.MorphemeExercises*____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes*____areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.