虚拟语气的用法及专项练习题

1虚拟语气的用法及专项练习题虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种：一.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would可用于任何人称,同时也可根据意思用情态动词could,might等代替should,would。1.与现在事实相反Ifhadthetime,JohnwouldmakeatriptoChinatoseetheGreatWall.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveupdrinkingimmediately.2.与过去事实相反IfI’dknownthatitwasgoingtorain,Iwouldneverhavegoneforawalkinthecountry.3.与将来事实相反Ifitwereto/shouldraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifyouwenttherenexttime,youwouldseewhatImean.4.错综时间虚拟语气2当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如:IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonehome.Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,youwouldbequiteallrightnow.(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在。)Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.二其他从句中的虚拟（一）状语从句1.方式状语asif(asthough)如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had+过去分词;表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would(might,could)+动词原形。例如:HelooksatmeasifIweremad.HespokeEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.但asif(asthough)后的从句也常用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如:Itlooksasifoursideisgoingtowin.2.目的状语inorderthat,sothat从句谓语动词用may/might,can/could)+动词原形。例如:Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.3.连词引导的条件状语从句:3incase,unless,supposing,providing,onconditionthat从句谓语动词用(should)或might,could)+动词原形。4.连词引导的步状语从句:lest,forfearthat等Wehidbehindsomebushesforfearthatpasser-byshouldseeus.二.虚拟语气用于宾语从句1.Suggest,advise等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：1)要求：askdemandrequirerequestbegpleadinsistprayurge2)建议：suggestadviseproposerecommendmove3)命令、决定：ordercommanddecidedetermineresolve4)其它：consentdeservedesireintendmaintainprefer等后面的宾语从句中+that…(should)+动词原形注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。Hesuggestedthatthey(should)stopsmoking.Theydemandedthattheblackpeopleshouldbetreatedaswellaswhitepeople.如果that引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。Heinsiststhatheisright.注意:insist作力言、强调解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作坚持(应该)解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如:Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Iinsistedthatyougivememymoneyback.42.wish+宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为可惜……、……就好了、悔不该……、但愿……等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用would(could)+动词原形;表示过去不能实现的愿望,用had+过去分词或(could)would+have+过去分词。例如:wish的用法1).与现在事实相反:动词过去式或wereIwishwecouldgototheseasidetoday.IwishIwereapopsinger.(=IamsorryIamnotapopsinger..)2).与过去事实相反:主语+wish(that)+主语+动词过去完成式Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.IwishIhadneverstoppedteaching.(=IamsorryIstoppedteaching.)3).与将来事实相反:助动词过去式+动词原形Iwishthey’dletusgetsomesleep.注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：（1）Wehopetheywillcome,(Wedon’tknowiftheycancome.)（2）Wewishtheycouldcome,(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)3..虚拟语气在wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldjustassoon后接从句:5I'dratheryoupaidmenow.(从句用过去时指现在)Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.(从句用过去时指将来)I'drathershehadn'tdonethat.(从句用过去完成时指过去)(此句中的would可看作是表愿望的实义动词)三.虚拟语气用于主语从句在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用should+动词原形的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:Itisnecessary(appropriatecrucialdesirabledreadfulessentialimportantimproperincredibleindispensableinsistentnaturalpreferablepossibleprobableproperrightsignificantsurprisingstrangetragicurgentvitalwrongetc.)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless.Itwillbedesired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.a在上述三种主语从句中,should意为应该、竟然,可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.Itisapitythatyoucan'tswim.四.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句6n.要求：demandrequirementrequestmotionprayinsistence建议：suggestionadviceproposalrecommendationmotion命令、决定：ordercommanddecisiondeterminationresolution其它：plandesireideanecessitypreference等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构(should)+动词原形。例如:Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthathe(should)doexercisesfirst.五、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法1.省掉if的条件从句倒装结构：Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Ifyouhadaskedme,…)2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(=Ifhewereatruefriend,he...)(=Iftherewerenowater,…)(=Ifyouhadn’thelpedme,…)3.虚拟语气用于定语从句:It’s(high)timethat…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，(should不能省略,be用were)来表示,意为(现在)该……。如：It’stime(that)youhadahaircut.It’shightime(that)wetooksomeaction.4.虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句:IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.我要是听他的话就好了。IfonlyIwereabird!我如果是一只鸟就好了。5.虚拟语气用于简单句71)表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌,使语气委婉,常出现在日常会话中。例如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoopenthedoor?2)用于一些习惯表达法中。例如:Wouldyoulikeacupoftea.Youhadbettergonow.3)用may+动词原形,表示祝愿、但愿。may须置于句首。例如:Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!6.含蓄条件句在某些虚拟语气结构中没有if条件句,虚拟条件是用其它形式表示出来,这种现象在语法上称为含蓄条件句。含蓄条件具体分为以下几种情况:1)通过动词不定式短语表示条件。例如:Youwouldbeafooltorefusehisoffer.(=Ifyoushouldrefusehisoffer,youwouldbeafool.)要是你拒绝他的建议,就太傻了。2)通过介词短语表达条件。例如:ButforthestormIwouldhavearrivedmuchearlier.8(=Ifithadnotbeenforthestorm...)要不是那场暴雨,我早就到达了。Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.Iwouldnothavesucceededbutforyourhelp.3)通过连词otherwise,or,but,that,though,once等表达条件。例如:Shecametotownyesterday,otherwise/orIwouldnothavemether.昨天她到城里来了,不然我就不会遇见她了。(otherwise/or=ifshehadn'tcome)Iwouldhaveattendedthemeeting,butIhavebeentoobusy.(=...ifIhadnotbeentoobusy)