等离子点火装置说明书

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-109-等离子点火装置说明书目录1.概述·················································································1102.等离子燃烧器工作原理·························································1112.1点火机理··································································································1112.2等离子发生器工作原理················································································1112.3燃烧机理··································································································1123.等离子点火燃烧系统组成······················································1133.1等离子点火燃烧系统···················································································1133.1.1燃烧系统··························································································1133.1.2风粉系统··························································································1143.2等离子点火器系统······················································································1153.2.1等离子发生器····················································································1153.2.2等离子电气系统·················································································1173.2.3等离子载体风系统··············································································1193.2.4等离子冷却水系统··············································································1194.运行················································································1204.1操作界面介绍····························································································1204.1.1以触摸屏方式操作单角等离子点火的画面················································1204.1.2以DCS方式操作另设等离子点火燃烧器的画面·········································1214.2运行的控制与调节······················································································1224.3运行主要参数····························································································1235.故障处理··········································································124-110-1.概述大型工业煤粉锅炉的点火和稳燃传统上都是采用燃烧重油或天然气等稀有燃料来实现的,近年来,随着世界性的能源紧张,原油价格不断上涨,火力发电燃油愈来愈受到限制。因此锅炉点火和稳燃用油被作为一项重要的指标来考核,为了减少重油(天然气)的耗量,传统的做法是提高煤粉的磨细度,提高风粉混合物和二次风的预热温度,采用预燃室燃烧器,选用小油枪点火等等。但是,这些都是传统意义上的节油技术,节油效果是有限的,还不能达到最终不用油的目的,若要进一步减少燃油到最终不用油,必须采用与传统上完全不同的全新工艺,这种工艺应既可保证提高燃烧过程的经济性,又可以改善火电厂的生态条件——DLZ-200型等离子煤粉点火装置,采用直流空气等离子体作为点火源,可点燃挥发分较低的贫煤,实现锅炉的冷态启动而不用一滴油,是未来火力发电厂点火和稳燃的首选设备。采用等离子点火装置,点火和稳燃与传统的燃油相比有以下几大优点:●经济:采用等离子点火运行和技术维护费仅是使用重油点火时费用的,15%~20%,对于新建电厂,可以节约上千万的初投资和试运行费用;●环保:由于点火时不燃用油品,电除尘装置可以在点火初期投入,因此,减少了点火初期排放大量烟尘对环境的污染;另外,电厂采用单一燃料后,减少了油品的运输和储存环节,亦改善了电厂的环境;●高效:等离子体内含有大量化学活性的粒子,如原子(C、H、0)、原子团(OH、H2、O2)、离子(O-2、H-2、OH-、O-、H-)和电子等,可加速热化学转换,促进燃料完全燃烧;●简单:电厂可以单一燃料运行,简化了系统,简化了运行方式;●安全:取消炉前燃油系统,也自然避免了经常由于燃油系统造成的各种事故。结论:既然采用等离子技术点燃煤粉锅炉经济、高效、简单、安全、环保,有百利-111-而无一害,当然是燃煤锅炉的首选设备,是目前燃油系统改造的最佳替代产品。2002年国家电力公司发布了《电站锅炉等离子点火技术应用指南》,推广等离子点火技术。2.等离子燃烧器工作原理2.1点火机理本装置利用直流电流(280--350A)在介质气压5-15kPa的条件下接触引弧,并在强磁场下获得稳定功率的直流空气等离子体,该等离子体在燃烧器的一次燃烧筒中形成T5000K的梯度极大的局部高温区,煤粉颗粒通过该等离子“火核”受到高温作用,并在10-3秒内迅速释放出挥发物,并使煤粉颗粒破裂粉碎,从而迅速燃烧。由于反应是在气相中进行,使混合物组分的粒级发生了变化。因而使煤粉的燃烧速度加快,也有助于加速煤粉的燃烧,这样就大大地减少促使煤粉燃烧所需要的引燃能量E(E等=1/6E油)。等离子体内含有大量化学活性的粒子,如原子(C、H、0)、原子团(OH、H2、O2)、离子(O-2、H-2、OH-、O-、H-)和电子等,可加速热化学转换,促进燃料完全燃烧,除此之外,等离子体对于煤粉的作用,可比通常情况下提高20%~80%的挥发份,即等离子体有再造挥发份的效应,这对于点燃低挥发份煤粉强化燃烧有特别的意义。2.2等离子发生器工作原理本发生器为磁稳空气载体等离子发生器,它由线圈、阴极、阳极组成。其中阴极材料采用高导电率的金属材料或非金属材料制成。阳极由高导电率、高导热率及抗氧化的金属材料制成,它们均采用水冷方式,以承受电弧高温冲击。线圈在高温250°C情况下具有抗2000V的直流电压击穿能力,电源采用全波整流并具有恒流性能。其拉弧原理为:首先设定输出电流,当阴极3前进同阳极2接触后,整个系统具有抗短路的能力且电流恒定不变,当阴极缓缓离开阳极时,电弧在线圈磁力的作用下拉出喷管外部。一定压力的空气在电弧的作用下,被电离为-112-高温等离子体,其能量密度高达105~106W/cm2,为点燃不同的煤种创造了良好的条件。2.3燃烧机理-113-根据高温等离子体有限能量不可能同无限的煤粉量及风速相匹配的原则设计了多级燃烧器。它的意义在于应用多级放大的原理,使系统的风粉浓度、气流速度处于一个十分有利于点火的工况条件,从而完成一个持续稳定的点火、燃烧过程。实验证明运用这一原理及设计方法使单个燃烧器的出力可以从2T/H扩大到12T/H。在建立一级点火燃烧过程中我们采用了将经过浓缩的煤粉垂直送入等离子火炬中心区,T5000K的高温等离子体同浓煤粉的汇合及所伴随的物理化学过程使煤粉原挥发份的含量提高了20%~80%,其点火延迟时间不大于1秒。点火燃烧器的性能决定了整个燃烧器运行的成败,在设计上该燃烧器中心筒出力约为500~800kg/h,其喷口温度不低于1200°C。另外我们加设了风粉冷却技术避免了煤粉的贴壁流动及挂焦,同时又解决了燃烧器的烧蚀问题。该区称为第一区。第二区为混合燃烧区,在该区内一般采用“浓点浓”的原则,环形浓淡燃烧器的应用;降淡粉流贴壁而浓粉掺入主点火燃烧器燃烧。这样做的结果既利于混合段的点火,又冷却了混合段的壁面。如果在特大流量条件还可采用多级点火。第三区为强化燃烧区,在一、二区内挥发分基本燃尽,为提高疏松炭的燃尽率采用提前补氧强化燃烧措施,提前补氧的原因在于提高该区的热焓进而提高喷管的初速达到加大火焰长度提高燃尽度的目的,所采用的风粉冷却技术亦达到了避免结焦的目的(1998年获专利)。第四区为燃尽区,疏松碳的燃尽率,决定于火焰的长度。随烟气的温升燃尽率逐渐加大。3.等离子点火燃烧系统组成3.1等离子点火燃烧系统3.1.1燃烧系统等离子燃烧器是借助等离子发生器的电弧采点燃煤粉的煤粉燃烧器,与以往的煤粉燃烧器相比,等离子燃烧器在煤粉进入燃烧器的初始阶段就用等离子弧将煤粉点燃,并将火焰在燃烧器内逐级放大,属内燃型燃烧器,可在炉膛内无火焰-114-状态下直接点燃煤粉,从而实现锅炉的无油启动和无油低负荷稳燃。如图3.1所示,等离子发生器产生稳定功率的直流空气等离子体,该等离子体在燃烧器的中心筒中形成T5000K的梯度极大的局部高温区,煤粉颗粒通过该等离子“火核”受到高温作用,并在10-3秒内迅速释放出挥发物,并使煤粉颗粒破裂粉碎,从而迅速燃烧。由于反应是在气相中进行,使混合物组分的粒级发生了变化,因而使煤粉的燃烧速度加快,也有助于加速煤粉的燃烧,这样就大大地减少促使煤粉燃烧所需要的引燃能量E(E等=1/6E油)。除此之外,等离子体有再造挥发份的效应,这对于点燃贫煤强化燃烧有特别的意义。根据有限的点火功率不可能直接点燃无限的煤粉量的问题,等离子燃烧器采用了多级燃烧结构,如图3.1所示,煤粉首先在中心筒中点燃,进入中心筒的粉量根据燃烧器的不同在500~800kg/h之间,这部分煤粉在中心筒中稳定燃烧,并在中心筒的出口处形成稳定的二级煤粉的点火源,并依次逐级放大,最大可点燃12T/H的粉量。等离子燃烧器的高温部分采用耐热铸钢,其余和煤粉接触部位采用高耐磨铸钢。和现场管路连接时须正确选用焊条型号。3.1.2风粉系统3.1.2.1给粉机-115-对于仓储式制粉系统,为满足等离子燃烧器对于煤粉浓度和均匀性的要求并能做主燃烧器使用,与等离子燃烧器相匹配的给粉机选择,应满足做主燃烧器使用时燃烧器的最大出力,100MW及以下等级的锅炉,与等离子燃烧器匹配的给粉机额定出力以2~6t/h为宜。对200MW及以上容量的锅炉,一般选用给粉机的额定出力在3~9t/h为宜。3.1.2.2磨煤机A、对于直吹制粉系统,选定的点火用磨煤机,最低出力应能满

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