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桑科Moraceae形态特征•多为木本，常有乳汁，叶多互生，头状花序，柔荑花序或隐头花序，单被花，常为4片，许多瘦果组成的聚花果或隐头果。•约70属，1800种。主产热带，亚热带，少产温带。中国产17属160余种，主要分布长江以南各省区。桑科MoraceaeMoraceaeisafamilyoffloweringplantscommonlyknownasthemulberryorfigfamily.Itcomprisesabout40generaandover1000speciesofplantswidespreadintropicalandsubtropicalregions,lesscommonintemperateclimates.TheMoraceaearemonoeciousordioecioustreesshrubs,lianas,orrarelyherbs,nearlyallwithmilkysap.Theleavesaresimpleandalternateorrarelyopposite.Thestipulesaresmallandlateralorsometimestheyformacapoverthebudandleaveacylindricalscar.Theflowersareunisexualandminute,andareusuallydenselyaggregated.Theseaggregationsfrequentlytaketheformofpendulousamentsorcatkins.Fruittypesincludedrupesandachenesthatareoftencoalesced(接合)orotherwiseaggregatedintoamultipleaccessoryfruit(聚花果).桑属Morus•Mulberry(Morus)speciesare•deciduoustreesnativetowarm,•temperate,andsubtropicalregions.Theleavesarealternatelyarranged,simple,oftenlobed,moreoftenlobedonjuvenileshootsthanonmaturetrees,andserratedonthemargin.Thefruitisamultiplefruit.Mulberriesbeginaswhitetopaleyellowwithpinkedges.Theyareredwhenripening.•Afullyripenedmulberryisdarkpurpletoblack,edible,andsweet•withagoodflavorin•severalspecies.桑属Morus•落叶乔灌木，植物具乳汁，树皮灰褐色，小枝黄色，韧皮纤维多，花为柔荑花序，雌雄同株,罕异株，花被4，雄蕊4，聚花果。•12种，北温带，中国产9种，各地均有分布。桑属Morus•桑M.alba落叶乔木，叶缘锯齿尖或钝，叶表近光滑，有光泽，背面脉腋有毛，柱头极短，柱头2裂，垂枝桑和龙游桑，庭院观赏•鸡桑M.australis落叶乔灌木，叶缘锯齿尖或钝，叶表粗糙，背密被柔毛，花柱长。•蒙桑M.Mongolia叶裂片很多，锯齿顶端刺毛状，观叶类。龙爪桑构树属Broussonetia•落叶乔灌木，植物体有乳汁，叶基三出脉•雄蕊柔荑花序，雌蕊头状花序，花柱线状，聚花果球形，橙红色。•4种，中国3种，茎皮为纤维原料•Thebarkwasconvertedintothefinestbarkcloth(tapaorkapa)forskirts,capes,loin腰cloths,sandals,bedclothes,etc.•茎皮为纤维原料构树Broussonetiapapyrifera叶两面密被生柔毛，叶不裂或不规则裂，聚花果球形2—2.5cm，熟橙红色。分布很广，适应性强，耐干冷湿热的气候，耐干旱瘠薄，生于水边，喜钙质土，构树外貌粗野，但抗污染性强，抗热60℃。适应性强。荒山坡地绿化的好材料构树•柘树CudraniatricuspidataisatreenativetoEastAsia,occasionallygrownforitsfruit.•Adecidioustreegrowingto6mataslowrate.ItisinflowerinJuly.Theflowersaredioecious(individualflowersareeithermaleorfemale).Theplantnotisself-fertile.Thefirmfruitisrelativelytasteless,whensoft-ripeitissub-acidtosweetandsomeformscanbequitedelicious.Itcontainslotsoflargeseeds柘属Cudrania柘属Cudrania植物体具乳汁，枝条具枝刺，单叶互生，全缘或三裂，雌雄异株，均为腋生的头状花序，聚花果球形肉质。10种，中国8种。柘树Cudraniatricuspidaca花期5月，果期9—10月成熟，红色，肉质球形，可食，喜钙植物，耐干旱瘠薄，观果，刺篱，水边绿化。Fig榕树属Ficus•Ficusisagenusofabout800speciesofwoodytrees,shrubs,vines,epiphytes(附生植物),andhemi-epiphytesinthefamilyMoraceae.Collectivelyknownasfigs,theyarenativethroughoutthetropicswithafewspeciesextendingintothewarmtemperatezone.菩提树无花果•Althoughidentifyingmanyofthespeciescanbedifficult,figsasagrouparerelativelyeasytorecognize.Oftenthepresenceofaerialroots.Theirfruitarealsodistinct.Thefigfruitisinfactanenclosedinflorescence,sometimesreferredtoasasy‘conium(隐头花序),anurn(瓮,缸的)-likestructurelinedontheinsidewiththefig‘stinyflowers.Finally,therearethreevegetativetraitsthattogetherareuniquetofigs.Allfigspossessawhitetoyellowishsap(latex)乳汁,someincopious(很多的)quantities;thetwighaspairedstipulesoracircularstipulescarifthestipuleshavefallenoff;andthelateralveinsatthebaseoftheleaf.榕树属Ficus乔、灌、藤，多为常绿，有乳汁，常具气根，托叶合生，脱落后具环状托叶痕，隐头花序（花序着生在中空的肉质花托内）隐头果，分布热带，亚热带。1000种，中国120种，主产长江以南。琴叶榕无花果Ficuscarica落叶小乔木，叶有锯齿，裂片，叶表面粗糙，隐头果大3—5cm，可食，不耐寒，华北多盆栽（小气候保护）温室过冬。榕树F.microcarpa常绿乔木，有气生根，有时独木成林，叶全缘，叶面光滑，叶小4—8cm，侧脉5—6对，隐头果小8mm。榕城福州，蓉城成都。可做行道树，庭荫树，盆景材料。印度橡皮树F.elastica常绿乔木，有气生根，叶缘，光滑，叶较大10—30cm，中脉显著，羽状侧脉多而细，且平行，托叶大，淡红色。乳汁可制硬性橡胶，北方温室盆栽观赏。薜荔菩提树木兰科Magnoliaceae木兰科在分类学中有重要意义.在哈钦松系统中,认为木本植物是由木兰科衍生来的,这科中有许多著名观赏植物。木兰科MagnoliaceaeUnlikemostangiosperms,whoseflowerpartsareinrings,theMagnoliaceaehavetheirstamensandpistilsinspiralsonaconicalreceptacle(花托).Thisarrangementisfoundinoldfossilplantsandisbelievedtobeprimitiveforangiosperms.Theirflowersarealsonotsoclearlydifferentiatedintohavingsepals萼片andpetals花瓣likemostotherfloweringplants;the“dual-purpose”partsthatoccupybothpositionsareknownastepals花被.花萼3，稀4，常花瓣状，花瓣6或更多，雄蕊多数螺旋状排列，心皮离生，多数，螺旋状排列。本科共12属215种，产热带，亚热带，温带少；我国10属80种，长江流域以南(近年来许多学者把本科分为木兰科，五味子科，八角科，水青树科)。木兰属MagnoliaMagnoliaisanancientgenus.Havingevolvedbeforebeesappeared,theflowersdevelopedtoencouragepollinationbybeetles.Asaresult,thecarpelsofMagnoliaflowersaretough,toavoiddamagebyeatingandcrawlingbeetles.:Magnolia木兰属Magnolia（1）小枝具环状托叶痕(桑科Ficus有)；（2）单叶互生，托叶大，托叶和叶柄连生，托叶在脱落后在叶柄上留有痕迹；（3）花大型，两性。花单生于小枝顶端，花萼3，常瓣化，花萼花瓣一样称花被，轮生3基数。雄蕊多数螺旋状排列，雌蕊多数分离基部无柄，螺旋状排列。（4）果实为聚合蓇葖果，大型。外种皮为红色，肉质。白玉兰M.denudata落叶乔木,叶倒卵状,突尖,花被片9—12片,白色.花期早，木兰7—10天习性与栽培：原产我国中部，喜光,稍耐荫,耐寒、肉质根,怕积水,植物体伤口愈合能力差,不耐移植,不耐修剪.扦插不易成活,移植时带土拓,繁殖用嫁接或压条。园林应用：玉兰花是珍贵的庭院树种，常种植在建筑前，对植，列植。颐和园乐寿堂种的玉兰、海棠、牡丹。有些地方象杭州植物园,还有种植的木兰园，山茶园。这样,冬天—3月有花观赏,也可以瓶插.民间传统的宅院配置中讲究“玉、棠、春、富、贵”，其意吉祥如意，富有和权贵。所谓玉就是玉兰，棠即海棠，春指迎春，富为牡丹，贵为桂花。木兰(紫玉兰、辛夷、木笔)M.lilifloraDesr(lilymagnolia)落叶大灌木,花大,花瓣6,外面紫色,内面近白色.萼片3,黄绿色,长约为花瓣的1/3,花3—4月,叶前开放.肉质根,积水不行.能略耐湿,萌孽性强,喜光.庭院珍贵的早花树种,窗前,背景常白墙,蓝天.花蕾形大如笔头,故有“木笔”之称,现在为上海市花。紫玉兰习性:肉质根,积水不行.能略耐湿,萌孽性强,喜光园林应用:庭院珍贵的早花树种,窗前,背景常白墙,蓝天.花蕾形大如笔头,故有“木笔”称,现在为上海市市花.望春玉兰Magnoliabiondii红玉兰：新品种内外均为红色二乔玉兰(朱砂兰)M.Xsoulangeana(Saucermagnolia)玉兰与木兰的杂交种,花萼似花瓣,但