高中英语阅读理解讲义

峨眉二中：马培勇阅读理解专题讲解---探究做题时的困惑情况调查：1.做阅读理解时无法把握全文中心。2.材料能读懂，但是经常有两个选项不能区分排除。3.遇到生词多，就不想继续做题。心理感到烦躁。4.词义猜测题无从着手。5.不喜欢科普性较强的阅读材料。根据考纲阅读理解对学生提出如下能力要求一、题材分析能力二、题干分析能力三、猜词能力四、综合应用语言能力1.把握主题中心。2.排除干扰选项。专题：主旨大意题的提问方式常见有以下几种：1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout____．2）Thepassageismainlyabout____．3）Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage？4）Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？5）Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…6）Thepassageismeantto….第一、抓主题中心1.寻找中心词。2.寻找主题句。3.综合归纳主题中心。怎么把握全文的结构和作者的意图呢？思路方法：（一）寻找中心词。方法：出现频率最高的单词或者短语。步骤：1.阅读全文，找出中心词。2.学会主动构架作者的思路。3.注重体会阅读材料的语言特色。Whatisthepassagemainlyabout______?A.Itisabadthingforustobenear-sighted.B.Wecan’tjudgethedistancewithonegoodeyeC.Wecanseeeverythingwithtwogoodeyes.D.Weshouldtakegoodcareofoureyesevenifwecanseewell.Example:Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenear—sighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarm’slength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.Otherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeople’seyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobject’srelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.分析：Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenear—sighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarm’slength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.Otherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeople’seyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobject’srelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.People…near-sightedThenPeople…far-sightedOtherpeople…notexactlytherightshapePeople…haveonlyoneeye注意体会：then,other四个people体现的并列关系。important像这类阅读材料一般的规律是:（二）寻找主题句。总总总总②①③①①②②③③1.总分2.分总3.总分总What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Smokingcancausecancer.B.SmokingisaterriblekillerC.Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.D.Anexperimentonsmoking.Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?Example：（三）综合归纳主题中心在材料中勾画所说的人物、事件、事情、行为动词、所举的例子等，归纳综合理解。Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.TomreceivedanexcellenteducationTomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.分析：Tom1.studied…attheUniversityofParis2.transferredtotheUniversityofBerlingraduatedwithhonors3.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackgroundreceivedanexcellenteducation第二、排除干扰项1.感觉文章信息杂乱，找不到原文。2.没有审清题干和选项的信息。3.所学的知识不知道怎么用。4.没有生单词，但是不能理解原句。5.主要是生单词太多。6.粗心。成因分析：思路方法：1.线索词（快速定位）2.审清题干3.综合应用知识原则：1.与原文不完全相同就是错误。2.原文没有提到的也是错误的。读者线索词原文材料图示：线索词好比是卫星线索词请同学们完成下面三篇阅读材料：A篇（线索词定位演练）B篇（语法知识的应用）C篇（文体分类和词义的理解）42.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A.Workingwomenusuallyhavebreakfastinahurry.B.Manypeoplehavewrongideasaboutbreakfast