英译汉的疑点TeachingObjectives•1.ReasonsforstaticEnglishanddynamicChinese;•2.TransformationmethodsfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese动态表达与静态表达(Staticvs.Dynamic)•Broadlyspeaking,nounscanbecharacterizedas“static”inthattheyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable.Attheoppositepole,verbscanbeequallycharacterizedas“dynamic”:theyarefitted(bytheircapacitytoshowtenseandaspect,forexample)toindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions(Quirk1973:48).Adjectivesandprepositionsoftengohandinhandwithnounswhileadverbsarefrequentlyusedwithverbs.•Englishisfeaturedbyitspredominanceofnounsoververbs.•Ourwesterncivilization,ithasbeensaid,favoursanover-developmentoftheintellectattheexpenseoftheemotions.Thatiswhypeopleprefernounstoverbs.TheysufferfromwhattheGermanscall‘noundisease’.InsteadofsayingquitesimplyandstraightforwardlyLondonisgrowingrapidly,theysayLondon’sgrowthisrapid.AndtheysayJohn’sarrivalwasprematureinsteadofJohncametoosoon.(S.Potter,1960)动态表达与静态表达(Staticvs.Dynamic)•Englishmakesmoreuseofnouns,adjectives,andprepositions,andisthereforemorestatic.Conversely,Chineseoftenemploysverbs,adverbs,verbalphrases,repetitionandreduplicationofverbs,andisthereforemoredynamic.动态表达与静态表达(Staticvs.Dynamic)•ComparetheEnglishsentenceswiththeChineseversions:•1.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.•医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。•2.TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.•他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议,在国内侵犯基本人权,因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。动态表达与静态表达(Staticvs.Dynamic)ReasonsforstaticEnglishanddynamicChinese•1.由动词或形容词派生而来的抽象名词,这些词语多具有潜在或隐含的动态性,或者说系由相应的动态表述形式转化而来。•儿子让我们大失所望•静态:Oursonhasbeenadisappointmenttous.•动态:Oursonhasbeendisappointingus.•Eg.Onlythethoughtofhismothergavehimthestrengthtogoondoingit.•想起母亲,他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。2.由动词派生或转化而来的施事名词。所谓施事名词,即是施行或实施行为动作的名词,也即表示动作行为主体的名词,这类名词大都由动词加-er,-or等后缀派生而来,有些也可能是动词的直接转化形式。如:•Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulinspectorthanhumanbeings.•也可:Thecomputerinspectsfarmorecarefullythanhumanbeings.•计算机比人检查得更为仔细。•Eg.Hehasbeentherulerofthatregionforaslongastwentyyears.•他统治这一地区长达20年之久。ReasonsforstaticEnglishanddynamicChinese•3.英语中的某些形容词、介词、副词等亦不乏静态意义及功能,而且同上述两类名词一样,通过同义替代,这些表达形式也可以借助动词转化为动态表述结构。如:•静态:•Thatfellowisverytalkative.那家伙总是滔滔不绝。•Youhavetowashthepilldownwithsipsofwater.你得喝几口水,把药丸咽下去。•Wemustbeoffnow.我们要走了。•动态:•Thatfellowalwaystalkstoomuch.•Youhavetosipsomewatertowashthepilldown.•Wemustgonow.ReasonsforstaticEnglishanddynamicChinese•总之,英语动词有形态变化,运用时要受到诸多限制,因而有时会倾向于静态表达手段,因此英语具有静态表达优势;汉语动词无形态变化,形式上不受人称、时态等约束,能方便地与主语或话题搭配成连动式、兼语式等表达能力很强的谓语结构,故此动词使用频率远高于英语,具有动态表达优势。ReasonsforstaticEnglishanddynamicChineseTransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•1.抽象名词的转换•Hisveryappearanceatanyaffairproclaimsitatriumph.•他的出现本身就宣告了任何一件事情的成功。•无论任何事情,他一出面准能成功。•比较下列句子的译文,看看哪种译文更地道:•1)Marriageisahigh-riskproposition.Amanorawomanmayappeartobegoodmatematerial,buttheonlyproofofpuddingisintheeating.Andonceyouhavetakenabite,it’stoolatetochangeyourmind.•译文一:婚姻这种事具有很高的风险性,男人或女人看上去也许十分般配,然而布丁香不香,要靠嘴来尝,而一旦你咬上一口,要想改变主意就来不及了。•译文二:婚姻是一件高度危险的事情,一个男人或女人看上去也许十分般配,但是,布丁的唯一证明就在于吃的过程,而一旦你咬上一口,要想改变主意就晚了。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•2)Thepompousvanityoftheoldschoolmistress,thefoolishgood-humourofhersister,thesillychatandscandaloftheeldergirls,andthefrigidcorrectnessofthegovernessesequallyannoyedher.•译文一:老女校长的大话空话,校长的妹妹傻乎乎的好脾气,年纪大的女孩子们的无聊闲扯、蜚短流长,女教师刻板的不苟言笑,都同样令她讨厌。(×)•译文二:女校长这老太太总是空话连篇,自负十足,她那傻乎乎的妹妹脾气好得一塌糊涂,年长一些的学生尽爱嚼舌闲扯,蜚短流长,女教师又个个不苟言笑,古板正经,这一切都同样让她烦不胜烦。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•3)Ourveryanxietyisbornoutofourknowledgeofwhatisnowpossibleforeachotherandall.•译文一:我们焦虑不安,因为我们知道每一个人及所有的人都有可能发生什么事情。•译文二:我们的焦虑不安产生于我们关于每个人和所有人都可能发生什么事情的知识。•译文三:我们清楚每一个人及所有的人都有可能发生什么事情,故此我们才会焦虑不安。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•Translatethefollowingsentences:•1)Weaimattheassuranceofaroundedandpermanentnationallife.•我们的目标是保证国民生活圆满持久。•2)Robotshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheouterspace.•机器人已用于探索外层空间。•3)ForamonththeGovernorhaddilly-dalliedoverthechoiceofasuccessor.•选择由何人继任时,州长磨蹭了一个月•4)Hehadentertainedhopesofbeingadmittedtoasightoftheyoungladies,ofwhosebeautyhehadheardmuch.•几位年轻小姐的美貌他耳闻已久,一直希望能得以亲睹芳容。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•静态与动态之间的转换亦不乏灵活性,英语抽象名词汉译过程中,我们偶尔也可以将某些形式保留下来,而只要符合译入语表述方式,在化静为动这一总体原则前提下,翻译标准的相对性也允许译者拥有灵活选择不同译文形式的权利。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•Thesightoftheverygreatcompanyoflordsandladiesandfashionablepersonswhothrongedthetown,andappearedineverypublicplace,filledGeorge’strulyBritishsoulwithintensedelight.•译文一:大群大群的王公贵妇和风雅之士云集城中,公共场所四处都能见到他们的身影。乔治有的是英国人的精神,这情景真让他喜不自胜。•译文二:大群大群的王公贵妇和风雅之士云集城中,公共场所四处都能见到他们的身影。乔治有的是英国人的精神,这景象对他而言可真是莫大的喜悦。TransformationfromstaticEnglishtodynamicChinese•2.施事名词的翻译•Heisastrangertotheoperationofthehelicopter.•译文一:他在直升机操作方面是个生手(门外汉)。•译文二:他对驾驶直升机一无所知。•TwomonthsagohegotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesignsandFashions.•译文一:两个月前他得到一份担任《设计与风尚》杂志编辑的工作•译文二:两个月前他得到一份在《设计与风尚》杂志担任编辑的工作。•译文三:两个月前他找到一份工作,负责编辑《设计与时尚》杂