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名词解释Renaissance:TheRenaissanceindicatesarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciencesinEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Sonnet:Afourteen-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameterandmostofteninoneofthetworhymeschemes:theItalian(orPetrarchan)orShakespearean(orEnglish).Asonnetisa14-linepoemwithaspecificrhymeschemeandmeter.Ithastwomainforms:theshakespeareansonnetandtheItaliansonnet.ShakespeareSonnet:alyricwiththreequatrainsandonecouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg,consistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.AShakespeareansonnetconsistsoffourteenlineswritteniniambicpentameter,inwhichapatternofanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllableisrepeatedfivetimes.TherhymeschemeinaShakespeareansonnetisa-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g;thelasttwolinesarearhymingcouplet.Enlightenment:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)TheAgeofEnlightenment(alsocalledtheAgeofReason)referstothe18th_centuryEngland.TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.Itcelebratedreason(rationality),equality,scienceandhumanbeings’abilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsocietyanditaimedtoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodern,philosophicalandartisticideas.Romanticism:itflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinWesterncultureduringmostifthenineteenthcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninpoem.Theoccasionisacrucialoneinthespeaker’slife,andthedramaticmonologuerevealsthespeaker’spersonalityaswellastheincidentthatisthesubjectofthepoem.Aestheticism:Thebasictheoryoftheaestheticmovement-----artforart’ssake.ThetheoristofaestheticismwasWalterPater.ThechiefrepresentativeofthemovementinEnglandwasOscarWilde,.Aestheticismplacesartabovelife.Streamofconsciousness:Thestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memoriesandmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.(psycholorganizedbyWilliamJames)individualconsciousexperienceregardedascontinuouslymovingforwardintimeinanunevenflow.Increativewritingtheinteriormonologuemakesuseofthistorevealcharacterandcommentonlife.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。创作中，内心独白技巧利用这种意识的流动揭示人物心理，点评生活。isanarrativedeviceusedinliteraturetodepictthemultitudinousthoughtsandfeelingswhichpassthroughthemind.Epiphany:asuddenspiritualmanifestationinwhich“whatness”ofacommonobjectorgestureappearsradianttotheobserverAsuddenrevelationoftruthaboutlifeinspiredbyaseeminglytrivialincidentRealism:Theattemptinliteratureandarttorepresentlifeasitreallyis,withoutsentimentalisingoridealisingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeople.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.Itisbecauseofhisconscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.Fromthisexcerpt,whatdoyoufindadmirableinRobinsonCrusoe?Heisconsiderate,clever,rational,practical,hardworking,cautious,persevering,creative,observant,patient,civilized,optimistic,strong-minded,careful,capable,self-reliant,energetic,courageous,amiable(kind-hearted).Doyouagreewiththestatement“itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife”?What’stherelationshipbetweenmoneyandmarriage?Ithinkthetruthistheopposite:Asinglewoman,especiallytheonenotinpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofa(wealthy)husband.WeseeinJaneAusten’ssociety,eighteenthandnineteenthcentury,marriageisthestatusallthewomenstrivetoachieve,whilemoneyplaysaimportantroleinmarriage.Marriagewasconsideredtobetheonlyway,forwomeninparticular,toliveacomfortablelife,freeoffinancialworries.InwhatwayistheWestWindbothadestroyerandapreserver?Itisadestroyeroftheold,decayingandvaluelessthings,blowingovertheland,drivesawaythedeadleaves.Itisthepreserverasitbringslifetothedeadatmosphere,itspreadstheseedsandtheylietwoinchesbeneaththegroundandeventuallysproutintoseedlings.As“thetrumpetofprophecy”,whatdoesthewestwindpredictinphysicalreality?Howdoyouunderstanditsymbolically?Thespeakerbegsthewindtousehimasaninstrument,inhabithim,distributehisideas,orprophesythroughhismouth.Hehopesthewindcanevenhelphimtosendhisideasallovertheworld,andhisideasmightinspireothers.Thesadmusicthatthewindwillplayonhimwillbecomeaprophecy.Ifwintercomes,springwillcomeandtherevoluti