第一章_环境生态学_20159

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环境生态学主讲:朱仁斌联系电话:0551-63606010(O)电子信箱:zhurb@ustc.edu.cn《环境生态学》参考书ChapinFC,etal.,PrinciplesofTerrestrialEcosystemEcology.Springer,2011;RobertE.Ricklefs著;孙儒泳等译.《生态学》.高等教育出版社,2004.孙儒泳等.《基础生态学》.高等教育出版社,2003.金岚主编.《环境生态学》.高等教育出版社,1992.Mackenzie,A.,A.S.Ball,S.R.Virde.《Ecology》.BiosScientificPublishersLimited,1999;(Mackenzie,A.,A.S.Ball,S.R.Virde著,孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛翠娟,娄安如译.《生态学》.科学出版社BiosScientificPublishers,2000).孙儒泳.《动物生态学原理》(第三版).北京师范大学出版社,2001.曲仲湘,吴玉树,王焕校,姜汉桥,唐廷贵编.《植物生态学》(第二版).高等教育出版社,1983.蔡晓明编著.《生态系统生态学》.科学出版社,2000.尚玉昌,蔡晓明编.《普通生态学》.北京大学出版社,1992.李博主编.《生态学》.高等教育出版社,2000.Molles,M.C.生态学:概念与应用Ecology:ConceptsandApplications.科学出版社,2000.Chapman,J.L.,M.J.Reiss.《生态学:原理与应用Ecology:principlesandapplications》.清华大学出版社,CambridgeUniversityPress,2001.李振基,陈小麟,郑海雷,连玉武.《生态学》.科学出版社,2001.张金屯,李素清《应用生态学》.科学出版社,2003.罗勃.德赛尔,本内德.谢尔沃特.《生态与进化研究中的分子方法》.科学出版社,2001.(何田华译,何田华,葛颂校)RichardB.Primack.《保护生物学概论》湖南科学技术出版社,1996(祁承经译).其它参考书《生态学》期刊《Ecology》[EcologicalSocietyofAmerica,1920]《JournalofEcology》[1913]《EcologyMonorgraphs》[1931]《JournalofAnimalEcology》[1932]《GlobalChangeBiology》《GlobalBiogeochemicalCycles》《AMBIO--人类环境杂志》[瑞典皇家科学院,1972]《生态学报》[中国生态学会,1982]《生态杂志》[中国生态学会,1982]《应用生态学报》[中国生态学会,1990]《生物多样性》[中国科学院濒危物种委员会,1993]《植物生态学报》[中国植物学会,中国科学院植物研究所,1955]全球性三大生态环境问题+人类面临的五大危机:1.臭氧层破坏1.臭氧在大气环境中的作用2.大气中臭氧的空间分布垂直分布水平空间分布HalleyBay,AntarcticaThegraphtotheleftshowsthemeasuredtotalozoneabovetheHalleyBaystationinAntarctica.EachpointrepresentstheaveragetotalozoneforthemonthofOctober.Notethesuddenchangeinthecurveafterabout1975.By1994,thetotalozoneinOctoberwaslessthanhalfitsvalueduringthe1970s,20yearsprevious.Thisdramaticfallinozonewascausedbytheuseofman-madechemicalsknownas'halocarbons'whichincludethewell-knownCFCscommonlyusedinfridgesandsoon.OzonedepletionismostmarkedintheAntarcticSpring,aroundOctober.臭氧洞为何仅在南极形成?-78℃含Cl的气体含Br的气体WhatIsBeingDone?ThefirstglobalagreementtorestrictCFCscamewiththesigningoftheMontrealProtocolin1987ultimatelyaimingtoreducethembyhalfbytheyear2000.Tworevisionsofthisagreementhavebeenmadeinthelightofadvancesinscientificunderstanding,thelatestbeingin1992.Agreementhasbeenreachedonthecontrolofindustrialproductionofmanyhalocarbonsuntiltheyear2030.ThemainCFCswillnotbeproducedbyanyofthesignatoriesaftertheendof1995,exceptforalimitedamountforessentialuses,suchasformedicalsprays.南极臭氧洞会消失吗?2.温室效应历史时期地球大气中CO2浓度-冰芯记录地球大气的碳碳循环工业革命后GlobalCarbonCycle(BillionMetricTonsCarbon)Concentrationsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherearenaturallyregulatedbynumerousprocessescollectivelyknownasthe“carboncycle”.Themovement(“flux”)ofcarbonbetweentheatmosphereandthelandandoceansisdominatedbynaturalprocesses,suchasplantphotosynthesis.Whilethesenaturalprocessescanabsorbsomeofthenet3.2billionmetrictonsofanthropogeniccarbondioxideemissionsproducedeachyear(measuredincarbonequivalentterms),anestimated3.1billionmetrictonsisaddedtotheatmosphereannually.TheEarth’spositiveimbalancebetweenemissionsandabsorptionresultsinthecontinuinggrowthingreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.大气CO2浓度通过碳循环来调控.3.酸雨问题Processesinvolvedinaciddeposition(notethatonlySO2andNOxplayasignificantroleinacidrain).TreeskilledbyacidrainEffectofacidrainonstatues中国的酸雨问题:日本酸雨问题:东南亚酸雨问题:Sweeterrain.Thankstocontrols,precipitationinmuchoftheeastislessacid,asseeninthepercentchangefrom1983to1994.SOURCE:JAMESA.LYNCH/PENNSTATEUNIVERSITYScience6November1998:Vol.282.no.5391,p.1024DOI:10.1126/science.282.5391.1024NewsFocusENVIRONMENT:AcidRainControl:SuccessontheCheapRichardA.KerrDistributionofrainfallpHintheeasternUnitedStates第一章绪论1.生态学(Ecology)定义Ecology源希腊词“Oikos”和“logos”,前者表示住所和栖息地,后者表示学科,原意是研究生物栖息环境的科学.OikosisajournalissuedbytheNordicEcologicalSocietyandisoneoftheleadingpeer-reviewedjournalsinecology.Oikospublishesoriginalandinnovativeresearchonallaspectsofecology,definedasorganism-environmentinteractions.Paperscancontributetonewdevelopmentsinecologybyreportingnoveltheoryorcriticalempiricalresults.WepublishstandardpapersandshortpapersintheForumsectionthataimtostimulatediscussionbypromotingideasandsynthesisofhighnovelty.Forumpapersshouldstrivefornovelty.ImpactFactor:3.393著名生态学家的定义:(1)研究生物(organism)与环境(environment)间相互关系的科学(E.Haeckel,1866)。德国动物学家首次提出定义.(2)研究科学的自然历史(C.Elton,1927)。(3)研究生物形态、生理和行为上的适应(Кашкаров(克什卡洛夫),1954)。(4)研究有机体的分布和多度的科学(Andrewartha,1954)。研究有机体与生活之地相互关系的科学(环境生物学:EnvironmentalBiology)(Smith,1966)(5)研究决定有机体的分布与多度相互作用的科学(Krebs,1972,1978,1985)。(6)研究生态系统的结构和功能的科学(E.P.Odum,1956);综合研究有机体、物理环境与人类社会的科学(E.P.Odum,1997)。(7)研究生命系统与环境系统之间相互作用规律及其机理的科学(马世骏,1980)。(8)生态学是研究生物和人与环境之间的相互关系,研究自然生态系统和人类生态系统的结构和功能的一门科学.生物圈景观种群群落生态系统个体系统组织器官分子细胞生态科学生物科学生命科学经典生态学2.生态学层次与分支生态学研究的最高组织层次.生态学的研究对象及分支学科分子(molecular)个体(individual)种群(population)群落(community)生态系统(ecosystem)景观(landscape)生物圈(biosphere)经典生态学研究的内容近代生态学研究的内容近代生态学研究的内容经典的生态学按组织层次(levelsoforganization)划分:个体生态学(Individualecology):研究重点是个体对生物和非生物环境的适应(adaptation);种群生态学(Populationecology):丰度(abundance)和种群动态(populationdynamics);群落生态学(Communityecology):决定群落组成和结构的生态过程(ecologicalprocesses);生态系统生态学(Ecosystemecolog

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