chapter2国际供应链管理

MaritimeCargoTransportationChaptertwoMaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructure(vessels,channelsandports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean)TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationPerformanceComparisonforSelectedFreightModesBargeHoppercar100cartrainunitSemi-trailertruck1500Tons52,500Bushels453,600Gallons100Tons3,500Bushels30,240Gallons10,000Tons350,000Bushels3,024,000Gallons26Tons;910Bushels7,865Gallons9,000foratankertruck124tonsCapacity557.7TruckEquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamaxcontainership5,000TEU2,1169,330VLCC300,000tons2millionbarrelsofoil747-400FOceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage:notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctualCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散货Break-bulkcargo杂货Neo-bulkcargo件装货Containerizedcargo集装箱货Bulkcargo(散货）Bulkcargoiscommoditycargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuchascoal,grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)05,00010,00015,00020,00025,0001970198019851990199520002001200220032004OilIronOreCoalGrainContainersandotherbreakbulkcargo(generalcargo)goodsthatispackedindividually,andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins,destinationsandclients.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件装货Uniformlypackagedgoods,suchasautomobilesandlogs,whichstoreassolidlyasbulk,butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo.ContainerizedcargoGenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever,therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending…ContainerforbulkcargoCargo,TradeandShipCharacteristicsCargoTypeTradeCharacteristicsVesselSizeGeneralCargoBreak-bulkVariedsmallconsignments,Numerousconsignees,Slowhandlingrates,Variousroutes,NumerousportsSmallUnitized(containers)Moreuniformcargo,Rapidhandling,ManyportsSmalltomediumDryBulkOres/coal/cemetLargeconsignments,Longhauls,Moderatehandlingrates,Specializedterminals,FewportsMediumtoverylargeLiquidCrudeoilVerylargeconsignments,Longhauls,Fewroutes,Specializedterminals,FewportsVerylargetoultralargeOilproductsSmallshipments,Numerousconsignees,ManyportsSmalltomediumMaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(byfunction)Containervessels集装箱船p267Ro/Rovessels滚装船Break-bulkvessels杂货船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH(LighterAboardShip)载驳船Oiltankers油船Bulk/Orevessels散货船Refrigeratedship冷藏船Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000ULCCVLCCSuezmaxAframaxCapesizePanamaxHandymaxHandyCrudeOilTankersDryBulkCarriersSizeofvessels--measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage--D.W.T.载重吨D.W.T.isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation.Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits.Itcanbedividedinto2classes:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.Totalloadedtonnage=fullloaddisplacement–lightdisplacement2)DeadWeightCargoTonnage--D.W.C.T.净载重吨Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)$0$2$4$6$8$10$12$14$16Panamax(4,000TEU)Post-panamax(10,000TEU)百万PortchargesFuelAdministrationStoresandlubesInsuranceRepairandmaintenanceManningVesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000ULCCVLCCSuezmaxAframaxCapesizePanamaxHandymaxHandyCrudeOilTankersDryBulkCarriersDomainsofMaritimeCirculationNileEast/SoutheastAsiaMississippi/GreatLakes/St.LawrenceAmazonRhine/DanubeSuezHormuzPanamaMalaccaBosporusMagellanGoodHopeGibraltarBabel-MandabChannellength(inkm)020040060080010001200140016001800GrandCanalStLaw