第二十章癌基因、抑癌基因与生长因子Oncogene,Anti-oncogeneandGrowthFactor一、癌基因(oncogene):癌基因分为病毒癌基因(virus-oncogene)和细胞癌基因(cellular-oncogene);细胞癌基因的分类及功能;癌基因活化的机制;原癌基因(proto-oncogen)的产物与功能。1.5学时二、抑癌基因(anti-oncogene):概念;常见抑癌基因及作用机制。1学时三、生长因子(growthfactor):概念;常见生长因子的分类、来源及功能;生长因子的作用机制;生长因子与疾病。1.5学时总学时:4学时一、癌基因和抑癌基因(一)癌基因(oncogene):控制细胞生长的基因,具有潜在的诱导细胞恶性转化的特性。Oncogenesarethegenesthatarecapableoftransforminganormalcellintoacancerouscell,leadingtoachangeofthehereditarycharacteroftheircodingregionorregulatingareaundercertaincondition.1.病毒癌基因(virusoncogene,v-onc):病毒所携带的致转化因子。命名:逆转录病毒株结合其所转化的宿主细胞,3个字母,如abl等2.细胞癌基因(cellular-oncogene,c-onc)[原癌基因(protooncogene)]:未激活的癌基因,促进正常细胞生长、增殖、分化、发育等。Proto-oncogene:normalcellgene,involvedinthecontrolofnormalcellgrowthandproliferation(cellcyclecontrol,transcriptionfactor,DNArepairgene)oncogene:mutated/de-regulatedproto-oncogenegenewhoseinappropriateexpressionleadstocancerv-onc与c-onc的不同:V-onc无内含子V-onc通常丢失了两端的某些序列外显子有微小差别V-onc常出现碱基取代或缺失等突变3.癌基因活化的机制:(1)获得启动子与增强子(proto-oncogeneobtainingpromotorandenhancer)(2)基因易位(genetranslocation)(3)原癌基因扩增(Geneamplification)(4)点突变(mutation)4.原癌基因的产物与功能原癌基因产物:(1)细胞外生长因子sis---P28(2)跨膜的生长因子受体c-src、c-abl、c-mos、c-raf(3)细胞内信号传导体c-src、c-abl、c-ras、c-mas、H-ras、K-ras、N-ras、crk(4)核内转录因子myc、fosItmaybehelpfultothinkofacellasacar.Forittoworkproperly,thereneedtobewaystocontrolhowfastitgoes.Aproto-oncogenenormallyfunctionsinawaythatissimilartoagaspedal--ithelpsthecellgrowanddivide.Anoncogenecouldbecomparedtoagaspedalthatisstuckdown,whichcausesthecelltodivideoutofcontrol.功能:1.调控细胞的分裂和生长。2.肿瘤细胞中癌基因的变化:过分活跃或突变,使其编码产物改变。癌基因的致癌机制*出现新的表达产物*出现过量的正常表达产物*出现异常的表达产物(二)抑癌基因Anti-oncogenes:1.抑癌基因的基本概念:抑癌基因(cancersuppressivegene,anti-oncegene)抑制细胞过度生长、增殖从而遏制肿瘤形成的基因。TumorSuppressorGenes:Tumorsuppressorgenesarecellulargenesthatnormallysuppresscellgrowthandproliferation.TumorSuppressorGenesfunctiontopreventmalignanttransformation,Usuallyactinarecessivefashion.�2.常见的抑癌基因3.抑癌基因的作用机制(三)、生长因子:1.生长因子(growthfactor):通过质膜上特异的受体,将信息传递至细胞内部,调节细胞生长与增殖的多肽类物质。proteinorpeptidethatsecretedbycellsplaythefunctionofsignaltransmittingbetweenthecellsandpromotecellproliferationanddifferentiation,becalledcellfactororcytokinealso.作用模式:内分泌(endocrine);旁分泌(paracrine);自分泌(autocrine)。Exertitsfunctionbythreeways:Endocrine;Paracrine:autocrine。Thesamegrowthfactoractsondifferentcellsandbringdifferentfunctions,thesamecellcanbeaffectedbyregulationofdifferentgrowthfactors.serumcontainsmanykindsofgrowthfactors.2.生长因子作用机制:3.生长因子与疾病:(1)细胞凋亡:在某些生理或病理条下,细胞接受到某种信号所触发的并按一定程序缓慢死亡的过程。(2)心血管疾病。a原发性高血压myc、fos的激活促平滑肌细胞增生p53低表达或突变。b动脉粥样硬化PDGF过量产生。c心肌肥厚ras、myb、myc、fos等过量表达IGF、TGF、FGF