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-1-PassageOneTheCausesofEuropeanSeparationin16thCenturyForathousandyearsandmore,thepeopleofEuropehadfoughtaboutmanythings,buttheyhadbeenunitedinbelievingonething:thatthereexistedasingle“Holy,CatholicandApostolicChurch”ofwhichtheBishopofRome,underthetitleofthePope,wasthevisibleandrecognizableheadinsuccessiontoSt.Peter.Butin1517aGermanmonk,MartinLuther,challengedcertainCatholicteachingsandrenouncedhisobediencetothepapacy.Othershadfollowedhim,includingHenryVIII.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mThusEuropewasdividedineverywhichway,thesouthernandeasterntwo-thirdsstillCatholic,thenorthernandwesternone-thirdwhatwascomingtobecalledProtestant,thoughEnglish-ruledIrelandsolidlyCatholicandtheSpanish-ruledNetherlands,particularlythenorthernpartapproximatingtomodernHolland,grewincreasinglyProtestant;whileinvirtuallyeverycountry,whetherofficiallyCatholicorProtestant,thoseofthecontraryfaithfiercelyattemptedtoconverttheirneighborsandequallyfiercelyresistedtheirneighbor’sattemptstoconvertthem.Forthistherewasnosimple,friendlysolutiontobereachedontheprincipleoflive-and-let-live.Eachpartybelievedthatithadholdofthetruth,theonlytruththatmattered,theonethatledtoeternalsalvation,anditsadversariesclungtofalsehoodwhichmustnecessarilyheadtoeternaldamnation:notonlyforthemselvesbutforallwhoshouldpermitthemtosurviveandinfectotherswiththeirerrors.Toleration,evenreasonablediscussion,wasimpossible.Godandthedevilcouldnotmix.JustasElizabethwastoardentCatholicsthatJezebel,sotoearnestProtestantsthePopewas“thatwolfishbloodsucker,”andtheirCatholicfellow-creaturesmaddogs,toadsandothersuchvermintobecleansedoffthefaceoftheearth.Thesefeelings,dangerousenoughinthemselves,weremademoresobyquestionsofgeographyandmoney.TheCatholiccountriesborderingontheMediterraneanwerebyfartherichest.FromthebeginningoftheMiddleAgestheRepublicofVenicehadcontrolledthetraderoutestotheEast,bringingthewarescarriedoutofPersia,ChinaandtheIndiesbycameltoherdepotsinSyriaandreloadingtheminherhigh,gorgeouslypaintedvesselsfortransshipmenttoItalyandbeyond.Sincetheendofthefifteencentury,firstPortugalbysailingroundAfricatoIndia,thenSpainbythediscoveryofAmerica,hadlikewisebeeninapositiontobringforsaletoEuropealltherareandwonderfulthingsforwhichEuropelonged—silksandpreciouswoods,sugarandspices,goldandsilver,worksofexquisiteartandstrangeanimalsfrompeacocktotigers.In1494,twoyearsafter-2-Columbus’sfirstvoyagetoAmerica,PopeAlexanderVIhaddividedtheunexploredworldbeyondtheseasbetweenSpainandPortugalasrewardfortheirenterpriseandtokeepthemfromfighting.TheothercountrieshadrespectedthisdivisionsolongastheyremainedCatholic.1.ThebesttitleforthispassageisA.TheHistoryofEuropein16thCentury.B.TheReligiousHistoryofEuropein16thCentury.C.TheCausesofEuropeanSeparationin16thCentury.2.Whatdoeswelearnfromthepassage?A.ThePopehadthesupremepowerinreligionbeforereform.B.ThePopehadthegreatestpowerineverythingoutsidereligion.C.ThePopewastherealkinginEuropethen.D.ThePopewastherealrulerinEuropethen.3.Whatdidthesentence“TheothercountrieshadrespectedthisdivisionsolongastheyremainedCatholic”imply?A.Itimpliedthisdivisioncouldnotberespectedlong.B.Itimpliedthisdivisionwouldnotfaceachallenge.C.Itimpliedthisdivisionwouldberespectedforever.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mD.ItimpliedthepowerofthePopewouldneverdecline.4.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasacausetodeepenthedangerousfeelings?A.Money.B.Geology.C.Religion.D.Geography.Vocabulary1.Apostolic罗马教皇的，使徒的2.insuccessionto继承，接班3.MartinLuther马丁·路德1483——1546德国宗教改革家4.teachings教义5.renounce抛弃，摈弃，否认6.papacy罗马教皇职位/制度，这里指罗马教皇7.clingto坚持-3-8.damnation诅咒，永远的处罚9.bloodsucker吸血鬼10.depot仓库，补给站11.gorgeous华丽的，灿烂的，辉煌的12.spice香料13.enterprise事业，业绩，功勋难句译注1.ThusEuropewasdividedineverywhichway,thesouthernandeasterntwo-thirdsstillCatholic,thenorthernandwesternone-thirdwhatwascomingtobecalledProtestant,thoughEnglish-ruledIrelandsolidlyCatholicandtheSpanish-ruledNetherlands,particularlythenorthernpartapproximatingtomodernHolland,grewincreasinglyProtestant;whileinvirtuallyeverycountry,whetherofficiallyCatholicorProtestant,thoseofthecontraryfaithfiercelyattemptedtoconverttheirneighborsandequallyfiercelyresistedtheirneighbor’sattemptstoconvertthem.【结构简析】everywhichway.四面八方，散乱。这里指四分五裂。EX:Railroadscrossthecountryineverywhichway.铁路四通八达，纵横全国。【参考译文】就这样欧洲四分五裂：东南部2/3仍然是天主教，西北部1/3是后来被称为的基督教，虽然英国统治的爱尔兰是稳固的天主教，而西班牙统治的荷兰，特别是靠近现代荷兰的北部地区越来越变成基督教。事实上，在每个国家，不论官方声称是天主教还是基督教，相反信仰的人都拼命想把他的邻居变过来，也同样强烈的抵制他们的邻居企图把他们变过去。2.Eachpartybelievedthatithadholdofthetruth,theonlytruththatmattered,theonethatledtoeternalsalvation,anditsadversariesclungtofalsehoodwhichmustnecessarilyheadtoeternaldamnation:notonlyforthemselvesbutforallwhoshouldpermitthemtosurviveandinfectotherswiththeirerrors.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m【结构简析】believed有两个宾语从句，用and连接。第一个宾语从句thatithadholdofthetruth中，theonly…theone…都说明truth,是它的同位语。And后的宾语从句省略了连词that，句中有定语从句whichmust修饰falsehood，后面的who定从修饰all.【参考译文】每一派都认为他掌握了真理，唯一的至关重要的这里，通向永恒获救解脱，而它的对手（敌人）死抓住错误不放，这必然导致永恒的诅咒；不仅诅咒他们自己，还诅咒-4-那些让他们生存下去，让他们错误感染别人的人。3.JustasElizabethwastoardentCatholicsthatJezebel,sotoearnestProtestantsthePopewas“thatwolfishbloodsucker,”