英语写作中典型病句实例剖析

ErrorAnalysis英语写作中典型病句实例剖析Week13一.不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致,时态不一致及代词不一致等．例１．Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．改为：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhateverhewants(todo).二．修饰语错位（MisplacedModifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１．IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．三．句子不完整（SentenceFragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．例１．Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.剖析：本句后半部分＂forexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句．改为：Therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample,byTV,radio,andnewspaper.四.悬垂修饰语（DanglingModifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：Attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied.这句中＂attheageoften＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是mygrandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了．改为：WhenIwasten,mygrandfatherdied.例１．Todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential.剖析：句中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚．改为：Todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.五．词性误用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．例１．Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。改为：Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.六．指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.例1.Wecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.剖析：句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.七．不间断句子(Run-onSentences)什么叫run-onsentence?请看下面的例句。例１．Therearemanywayswegettoknowtheoutsideworld.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“Therearemanyways.”以及“Wegettoknowtheoutsideworld.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：Therearemanywaysforustolearnabouttheoutsideworld.或：Therearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanbecomeacquaintedwiththeoutsideworld.八．措词毛病(TroublesinDiction/TheMatterofWordChoice)Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题.有些学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯，他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用；所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例１．Theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusiveuse(滥用)”。改为：Theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution.九．累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.本句的“thefactthatheislazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：Inspiteofhislaziness,Ilikehim.例１．Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligentandcaringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.十．不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。例１．Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.剖析：Thefreshwater与逗号后的it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Freshwateristhemostimportantthingintheworld.十一．综合性语言错误(ComprehensiveMisusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1．Today,Moneytoeverybodyisveryimportance,our’seat,cloth,live,goetc.YourMid-TermExamImprovethefollowingsentences,payingattentiontounity,coherence,conciseness,andemphasis.1.Itsnowedheavilyat8o’clock.(x)Itbegantosnowheavilyat8o’clocklastnight.2.Theearthquakeonlydamagedafewhouses.(x)Theearthquakedamagedonlyafewhouses.3.Insteadoftakingphysics,chemistrywaschosenbymoststudentsintheclass.Moststudentsintheclasschosechemistryinsteadofphysics.4.Thesinginginthefilmisgoodandtheactorsactwonderfullywell.Thesinginginthefilmisgoodandtheactingwonderful.5.FootballismorepopularinEuropethanNorthAmerica.FootballismorepopularinEuropethaninNorthAmerica.6.Infact,heisusuallyrealisticandsometimesheisalsoquiteromantic.Infact,heisusuallyrealisticandsometimesquiteromantic.7.Somepeopleliketosay“that’sneat”whentheymeantosay“that’sgood.”Itisaslangexpression.Somepeopleliketousetheslangexpression“that’sneat”for“that’sgood.”8.Therefereeraisedhisrighthandinwhichhewasholdingayellowcard.Therefereeraisedhisrighthandinwhichwasayellowcard.9.Altogether12novelswerewrittenbythisfamousnovelistduringhislifetime.Duringhislifetimethisfamousnovelistwrotealtogether12novels.10.Shedoesnotcaretoomuchaboutprices;shethinksthequalityofthingsismoreimportant.Shedoesnotcaretoomuchaboutprices;shecaresmuchaboutthequality.1.Hereadthemagazineinthereading-room,whichcontainedalotoflatestinformationaboutcomputerscience.Themagazine,whichhereadinthereading-room,containedalotoflatestinformationaboutcomputerscience.2.Manypeoplebelievethatoneshouldeatgarliceverydaytopreventdiseaseinthatregion.Manypeopleinthatregionbelievethatoneshouldeatgarliceverydaytopreventdisease.3.MarycalledBetheverydaywhenshewasinhospital.WhenMarywasinhospital,shecalledBetheveryday.WhenBethwasinhospital,Marycalledhereveryday.4.Thelandslidedestroyedseveralhousesandfivepeoplewerekilledbyit.Thelandslidedestroyedseveralhousesandkilledfivepeople.Fivepeoplewerekilledandseveralhousesdestroyedbythelandslide.5.IfJaneweregiv