搜索
Title:ImpactoftradepoliciesontradeflowsStudentNameStudentNo.MajorCourseSupervisorDateAbstract:InInternationalTradeGeography,politicsisanimportantelementinanalyzingtradewithinacertainregion.Astheoutwardmanifestationofpolitics,policiesinfluencegreatlyontradestructureandtradeflows.Inthispaper,tradepoliciesandtherelevanttradeconditionsbetweenChinaandtheU.S.willbediscussedasatypicalexample.Sino-UStradeimbalancehasbeenthefocusofglobalattention.Thetwogovernmentsaretryingtointroducenewrelevantpoliciestosolvethisperennialissue.Whetherthenewpoliciescanworkeffectively,itremainstobeverified.ThispaperlooksbacktheimpactoftradepolicyontradeflowsinpastperiodsandmakesprospectontheeffectofthenewtradepoliciesbetweenChinaandtheU.S.Itmakesasensetomakealookattheeffectofatradepolicyanddecidewhichoneacountryshouldtake.Keywords:tradepolicytariffimportexportThereisnodoubtthatpolicieshavegreatinfluenceontradeamongcountries.Goodtradepoliciespromotetradeconditions,whilebadonesworsentradeandevenbringdisasterstodomesticindustries.Forthisreason,countriespaylotsofattentiontomaketradepolicies.Sino-U.S.tradeisagoodexampletoanalyzetheimpactoftradepolicyontradeflow.TheincreasingSino-UStradeimbalancehascausedgreatattentionfromtherestoftheworld.Beforethe90sof20century,theU.S.hadtradesurplusintradewithChina.However,fromthenon,thetradeimbalancehasappearedandbecomelargerandlarger.Upto2006,thetradeimbalance130.8billiondollars,almost20timesofthefirsttime.Suchgreattradebalancecauseddifferentopinionsamongeconomistswithinthesetwocountries,whichtogethercontributedtotheprocessoftradepolicy-making.TherearethreemajorperiodsofChina’stradepolicies.Firstly,1978-1991,itisastagethatprotectionisttradepolicyshiftedtoliberalizingtradepolicy,whichaimedatmoreexportandlessimporttogainforeignexchange.Secondly,1992-2001,theprotectionisttradepolicygraduallymetwiththeinternationalstandards,whichpaidgreatattentiononthepromotionofexport.Thirdly,since2002,theprotectionisttradepolicyhassuccessfullyintegratedintotheinternationalsystem,whichaimsatpromotionoftradeanddomesticindustrialstructureandachievementofbalancedeconomicdevelopment.Duringthesedecades,theU.S.tradepoliciesputrestrictionsonhigh-techproductsexportandmadeeffortstoclagtheincreasingtradeimbalancewithChinathroughanti-dumping,quotaandspecialprotectionandsoon.ThesechangesintradepoliciesbetweenChinaandtheU.S.influencedbilateraltradeanddomesticeconomy.InChina,tariffisamajortoolfortradepolicy.In1978-1991,Chinabeganreducingtarifftoadjusttothereformandopeningup.ThesecondCustomsTariffwasmadebyloweringtaxratesandadjustingthetariffstructureinthefirstCustomsTariffin1985,whichreflectstheopening-uppoliciestoencourageexportsandexpandessentialimports,toensuresustainedeconomicgrowth.In1992ChinaadoptedtheCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystemtograduallyreducethelevelofimporttariffinordertoincreaseopenness.Inearly2002,afterChinajoinedtheWTO,withcommitmentsontariffadjustmentofimportstepbystep,itsuccessfullyreducedthetariffby9.8%in2007.Ingeneral,itcanbeseenfromTable1,China'stariffandtradepolicychangesinthebasicsynchronization,suggestingthatthetariffisaveryimportanttoolfortradepolicies.TheautonomictariffconcessionsreflectnotonlyChina’smanagementontradepolicy,butalsothedecreasedprotectionofthedomesticmarketandincreasedopennesstotheworld.TimeTradepolicyTheaveragetariffImportvolume(billiondollars)1978~1991Protectionisttradepolicybegantoshifttoliberalizingtradepolicy50%33.291992~2001Protectionisttradepolicygraduallymetwiththeinternationalstandards30.8%138.22002~nowProtectionisttradepolicyhassuccessfullyintegratedintotheinternationalsystem10.55%703.8Inthetariffsystem,exporttaxrebateplaysavitalroleininfluencingtheexportvolume.Since1994,becausetheincreasedexporttaxrebaterateincreasedexpectedprofitsofenterprises,itpromotedtheexportintention,whichmakesthe1994and1995therapidgrowthrateofChina'sexportof32%and23%.However,therapidexpansionofexportsalsobroughtthegovernmenttremendousfinancialpressure.Inordertoeasethefinancialpressure,thegovernmentloweredtaxratesin1995,whichdirectlyreducedtheexpectedprofitsofexportenterprisesandcausedtheresultingdeclineinexportgrowthto1.52%in1995-1996.In1999,China'sexporttaxrebaterateincreasedfrom9.24%to11.8%,accordingly,theexportgrowthratein1999-2000increasedto27.84%.Itcanbefoundthathigherexporttaxrebatepolicyledtolargerchangesinexportgrowth,indicatingthatthegovernmentfocusedonshort-termeffectofexporttaxrebate,whichisapolicyexpressionofmanagedtradeliberalization.Withtheencouragementforexport,ChinaexceededJapantobecomethelargestU.S.tradedeficitcountryin2000.Inthenewcentury,withthefurtherdevelopmentofforeigntrade,China'sratioofdependenceonforeigntradehasreached70%.Chinanowhasbecomeabigtradingcountry,whichhashugeeffectontheworldanditstradingpartners.Intheinternationalmarket,notonlyofthetraditionallabor-intensivetextileandgarmentexportsarehighestintheworld,butalsoITproductslikecolorTVs,cellphones,computers,laptopsarehighestintheworld.Among5104kindsofcommoditiesininternationaltradestatistics,thevolumeof322speciesofChina'sgoods