美国文学史-the-scarlet-letter

TheScarletLetterwritenbyNathanielHawthorneContents:BriefIntroductionofNathanielHawthorneWritingBackgroundandWritingPurposeBriefIntroductionofNathanielHawthorne:NathanielHawthornewasborninSalemMassachusetts,in1804.HisfamilydescendedfromtheearliestsettlersoftheMassachusettsBayColony;amonghisforebearswasJohnHathorne(Hawthorneaddedthe“w”tohisnamewhenhebegantowrite),oneofthejudgesatthe1692Salemwitchtrials.Throughouthislife,HawthornewasbothfascinatedanddisturbedbyhiskinshipwithJohnHathorne.Raisedbyawidowedmother,HawthorneattendedBowdoinCollegeinMaine,wherehemettwopeoplewhoweretohavegreatimpactuponhislife:HenryWadsworthLong-fellow,whowouldlaterbecomeafamouspoet,andFranklinPierce,whowouldlaterbecomepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Hecontributedshortstories,includingYoungGoodmanBrownandTheMinister'sBlackVeil,tovariousmagazinesandannuals,thoughnonedrewmajorattentiontotheauthor.HoratioBridgeofferedtocovertheriskofcollectingthesestoriesinthespringof1837intoonevolume,Twice-ToldTales,whichmadeHawthorneknownlocally.Mainworks:Fanshawe(publishedanonymously,1828)TheScarletLetter(1850)TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851)TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)TheMarbleFaun:Or,TheRomanceofMonteBeni(1860)(asTransformation:Or,TheRomanceofMonteBeni,UKpublication,sameyear)WritingBackgroundofTheScarletLetter:PuritanisminfluencedHawthornegreatly.ThespiritofPuritanismcouldbeseeninnearlyallhisworks,suchasevil,Calvinsystem,andspiritualizationandsoon,playedanimportantroleinalmostallhisworks.WritingBackgroundofTheScarletLetter:WhenHawthornewaswroteTheScarletLetter,thefirstwomen'sconferencejustheldinNewYork(1848).Attheconference,feministshaveraisedtheissueofwomenandmenhaveequalpropertyrights,notingthatwomenOncemarried,inalegalperspectiveasdeath.He(herhusband)tookallofherproperty,evenherearnedwages.TheyproposedthatwomenshouldworkequallyasmenInfact,inapatriarchalsociety,mendenywomen'sequaleconomicrights,justbecausetheywanttooccupyallofthewealth,refusedtoallowwomentohaveashare,butbecausemenhavelongbeenawarethatoncewomenintheaccesstoeconomic,theywillseekindependentthinkingandthewiderworld.WritingPurpose:WilliamHathorne,theauthor'sgreat-great-great-grandfather,aPuritan,wasthefirstofthefamilytoemigratefromEngland,firstsettlinginDorchester,MassachusettsbeforemovingtoSalem.TherehebecameanimportantmemberoftheMassachusettsBayColonyandheldmanypoliticalpositionsincludingmagistrateandjudge,becominginfamousforhisharshsentencing.William'ssonandtheauthor'sgreat-great-grandfather,JohnHathorne,wasoneofthejudgeswhooversawtheSalemwitchtrials.OnemajorpurposeofthescarletletteristhatHawthornehopedthroughwriting,hecanwashoffthecursewhichhisancestorsmade.MajorCharacterRelationHesterPrynne(heroine)ArthurDimmesdale(牧师)loverRogerChillingworthCouplePearldaughter*AllthedatacomefromBaiduLibraryHesterPrynneHesteristotallydifferentfromthosewomeninthatoldsociety.Wecanseemanyvaluablequalitiesonher,sheistheembodimentofcourageandjusticeunderHawthorne’swriting.φRebel,braveforloveφStrongviabilityφKind-hearted,dogooddeedsφNevergiveuppursuingloveandfreedomInthelapseofthetoilsome,thoughtful,andselfdevotedyearsthatmadeupHester'slife,thescarletletterceasedtobeastigmawhichattractedtheworld'sscornandbitterness,andbecomeatypeofsomethingtobesorrowedover,andlookeduponwithawe,yetwithreferenceto.——————Chapter24ConclusionHester:Thesejudgmentsdoesn’tkillmebutmakesmestronger,sir.CLASSICLINEHesterPrynneφWomen'sblacklonghairstandsforromanceanddesire,whileinPuritansocietyitisevil.φHestercanneverhonestlybringherselftoregardherrelationwithArthuras“sinful”,sheisproudofherloveinstead.MajorCharacterRelationHesterPrynne(heroine)ArthurDimmesdale(牧师)loverRogerChillingworthCouplePearldaughterArthurDimmesdaleArthurisarespectfulpriestsintown,hehasstrongfeelingforHester.Buthiscowardiceandweaknesslethisbelovedwomansufferedingreatpain.Afraidoftheconsequence.φTimid，conscientious,eagertoserveφTornbetweenhumannatureandthereligiousrules.φHypocriticalhumorless,abitvainClassiclineArthur:…Whatcanthysilencedoforhim...asitwere—toaddhypocrisytosin?Heavenhathgrantedtheeanopenignominy,thattherebythoumayestworkoutanopentriumphovertheevil...Arthur:...Godknows,andheismerciful!Hehathprovedhismercy,mostofall,inmyaffections,bygivingmethisburningtorturetobearuponmybreast!Bysendingyonderdarkandterribleoldman,tokeepthetorturealwaysatred-heat!......———Chapter24ConclusionAsapuritanrepresentative,hesufferedmorefromtheguiltofhishypocrisythanfromtheguiltofhispassion.Eventually,hetoldthesecretinmindwithdivine(神圣的)courage,heobtainstranquil(平静安宁)andthenewbornofspirit.MajorCharacterRelationHesterPrynne(heroine)ArthurDimmesdale(牧师)loverRogerChillingworthCouplePearldaughterRogerChillingworthRogerChillingworthisHester'shusband,butheneverfallinlovewithHester,hecan'tgivehertrueloveorwarmhome.Hisloveisautocratic.φSnakyandjealous,ruthlessdevilφEmotionalfamineandendedinrevengeφEmbodimentandvictimofpuritansocietyRogerChillingworthHisfatewasasatiretothegoodandevil,soulsalvationinthePuritanicalcodeoflaw.Embodimentandvictimofpuritansociety.MajorCharacte