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TheGrammar-TranslationMethod语法翻译法KeyPoints(学习要点)1.Definition(定义)2.Background(产生背景)3.TheoreticalBasis(理论基础)4.BasicPrinciples(基本原则)5.SummaryandComments(总结与评价)DefinitionTheGrammar-TranslationMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichusestranslationandgrammarstudyasthemainteachingandlearningactivities.AtonetimeitwascalledclassicalMethodsinceitwasfirstusedintheteachingoftheclassicallanguagesofLatinandGreek.语法翻译法是指以翻译和语法学习为主要教学活动的外语或第二语言教学法。由于这种教学法首先被用来进行拉丁语和希腊语等古典语言的教学，它曾一度被称为古典法。BackgroundThehistoryoftheGrammar-TranslationMethodisnotfullyandcarefullydocumented(证明).(1)Thereisevidencethatgrammaranalysisandtranslationbegantobethebasicproceduresinforeignlanguageteachingfromthe16thcentury,whenmodernlanguagessuchasFrench,ItalianandEnglishgainedinimportanceasaresultofpoliticalchangesinEurope.ThemodernlanguagesprovidedoneoftheconditionsforgrammaranalysisandtheapplicationofgrammaticalrulesintranslationexercisesinteachingLatin.(2)Thesecondimpetus(推动力)fortheproceduresofgrammaranalysisandtranslationinteachingLatincamefromthesocialneedsofEuropeancountries.ThemainpurposeoflearningLatinwastostudytheclassicalculture,whichwasworshippedintheRenaissance.Grammaranalysisandtranslationprovedtobeeffectivemeansinstudyingforeignculturethroughliteraryworks.(3)Somepeoplebelievedthatthemindofhumanbeingscouldbetrainedbylogicalanalysisoftheclassiclanguage,extensivememorizationofcomplicatedrulesandparadigms(范例),andtranslationbetweenlanguages.Onlyinthelate18thcenturydidtheregularcombinationofgrammarruleswithtranslationintothetargetlanguagebecometheprincipalpracticetechnique.Therefore,itisacceptedbymostexpertsofforeignlanguageteachingthattheGrammar-TranslationMethodoriginatedfromthe18thcentury.Inthe19thcentury,moreexpertsofforeignlanguageteachingadoptedthestrategyofcombininggrammarruleswithtranslationandtheGrammar-TranslationMethodbecametheprincipalmethodofteachingmodernlanguagesinschools.(1)Alllanguagesoriginatefromonelanguageandareruledbyacommongrammar.ThetheoryoflanguageunderlyingintheGrammar-TranslationMethodwasderivedfromComparativeHistoricalLinguistics.Somelinguistsbelievedthatalllanguagesoriginatedfromonelanguageandwereruledbyacommongrammar.2)Thewrittenformofthelanguageissuperiortothespokenform.TheGrammar-TranslationMethodbelongstotheschooloftraditionallinguisticswhichbelievedthatthewrittenformoflanguageissuperiortothespokenform.Thetraditionallinguistsgavepriorityofthewrittenformandtookwordsastheirstartingpoint.Whendiscussingtherulesoflanguage,theyemphasizedsuchmattersascorrectness,thepurityofalanguageandliteraryexcellence.TheoreticalBasis1)Theoryoflanguage2)Theoryoflearning(3)Thestudents'firstlanguageisthereferencesysteminthelearningofthetargetlanguageInforeignlanguageteaching,thetargetlanguageisprimarilyinterpretedasasystemofrulestobeobservedintextsandsentencesandtoberelatedtothefirstlanguagerulesandmeanings.Thestudents'firstlanguageisthereferencesysteminthelearningofthetargetlanguage.(1)Themindofhumanbeingshasvariousfacultiesthatcanbetrainedseparately.(人的大脑有各种不同的机能，这些机能可以分别训练)(2)Understandingandmemorizationofcomplicatedgrammaticalrulesoflanguageshelptodevelopmentality.(理解和记忆各种语言的复杂语法规则可以发展脑力)(3)Latingrammaristhemostlogicalandwell-organizedgrammar.(拉丁语语法是最有逻辑性、最有条理性的语法)Theoryoflearning(学习理论)(3)Themajorpracticeistranslatingfromandintothetargetlanguage.(主要教学实践是用目标语进行翻译)(4)Theteachingfocusisreadingandwriting.(教学重点是阅读和写作)(5)Firstlanguageisthemainmediumofinstruction.(第一语言是主要的教学中介语言)(6)Thesentenceisthebasicunitoflanguageteachingandlearning.(句子是语言教学的基本单位)(7)Languageaccuracyisemphasized.(强调语言的准确性)(4)Thelanguagewasabodyofknowledgetobelearned,withanemphasisonintellectualrigor.(语言是一门须学习的学问，重点放在智力的严密上)语法翻译法所依据的学习理论是机能心理学。机能心理学家认为：人的大脑有各种不同的机能，这些机能可以分别训练。理解和记忆各种语言的复杂语法规则被认为是发展脑力的4.BasicPrinciples(基本原则)1)Mainfeatures(主要特征)2)Objectives(教学目标)3)Techniques(教学技巧)4)Procedures(教学步骤)Mainfeatures(主要特征)(1)Grammaristhecoreoflanguage,andlanguagematerialsarearrangedaccordingtothegrammarsystem.(语法是语言的核心，教材内容是根据语法体系安排的)(2)Themainteachingactivitiesareanalysis,explanationandtranslation.(主要教学活动是分析，解释和翻译)总的说来，语法翻译法属于传统语言学派。正如在第一章里所说的那样，传统语言学认为书面语言优越于口头语言。因此，在研究语言时，他们的重点是书面语言，并把词汇当作他们研究的起始点。在讨论语言规则时，他们采取的是规定性的途径。他们强调语言的正确性，纯洁性，以及语言的优美，还强调使用拉丁语范例等等。语法翻译法所依托的语言理论是由历史比较语言学派生出来的。不同语言之间的比较结果表明：像希腊语和拉丁语这类古典语言与现代印欧语系的各种语言非常相似。一些语言学家认为：所有语言都源于一种共同语言，受约于同一种语法。在外语教学中，目标语是被看作一套语法规则，这套语法规则在课文和句子里都要遵守，与第一语言的语法规则和意思要联系起来。第一语言被看作是习得目标语过程中的参照系统。顾名思义，语法翻译法强调讲授第二语言语法。语法被看作语言的核心。因此，是外语课堂教学的主要内容，学习语法的过程是训练智能的重要手段。教材内容是根据语法体系来安排的。大多数的教学活动，如分析、解释和翻译，都是为了掌握语法规则这一目的。主要的教学实践是用目标语言进行翻译。阅读和写作是教学的重点，而对听说没有系统训练。由于书面语言被认为优于口头语言，因而学生只学习书面语。在课堂上，教师用学生的母语作为主要的教学中介语言，几乎不用目标语进行课堂教学。句子是语言教学的基本单位，教师强调语言使用的正确性而非流利性。Objectives(教学目标)TheobjectivesoflearningaforeignlanguageinaGrammar-TranslationMethodclassroomaretoenablethelearners:(1)toreadandtranslateitsliterature;(能够阅读和翻译所学的文学作品；)(2)tounderstandthetargetlanguage;(能够理解和掌握目标语；)(3)tohelpdeveloptheirminds;(能够帮助学生发展智力；)(4)togainabetterunderstandingofthefirstlanguage.(能够更好地理解第一语言)AnultimatepurposeoflearningaforeignlanguageinaGrammar-Translationclassro