武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新)

1武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新)1．段落分析DevelopingParagraph/Body（正文/主体）1.Unity(一致性)—topicsentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2.Development(发展性)—supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects论据是否充分CommonMethodsofDevelopmentexemplification例证1)facts事实2)citation引证3)comparisonandcontrast比较与对比4)analysis分析5)classification分类3.Coherence(连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。Generalrulebyclassification总原则：fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorversavice由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchicalstructure/build-upexpansion）1)bytransitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)byrepetitionofkeywords3)bysynonymsorvariationsofkeywords4)byreferencewords(e.g.:this,these,that,those,one,ones)5)frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神6)fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理7)fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会8)fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人9)fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接10)fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomic,socialandculturalstructure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构Concept-defining1.Content内容（fromparagraphlevel段落）Topic话题—笼统→Perspective角度—抽象→Aspect方面—具体1）Topic话题：whattowrite–general笼统（topicsentence）2）Perspective(pointofview/viewpoint)角度/视点→展开素材3）Aspect(part/side)方面/层面→体现素材(supportingsentences)2frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理fromgeneraltospecific从笼统到具体fromidea/mentalitytobehavior从思想到行为frompeopletoorganization/governmentfromtechnologicaltosocialaspects=fromtechnologytosociety/fromsciencetosocietyfromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomic,socialandculturalstructure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构2.Form/Function形式（frompassagelevel篇章）Structure:theorganizationofthewholearticleIntroduction(what)Body(why)Conclusion(how)3.Paragraphdevelopment段落的展开Howtoarrangethematerialtodevelop/illustrate/elaborate/supportthetopicsentence1)Skill:knowledge&abilitythatenablesyoutososthwellSkillform:技巧/形式→展开素材：支持句的表现形式，外在的（supportingsentence）Skillmethod1)(by)Statistics统计2)(by)Examples例证3)(by)Statements阐述4)(by)Quotation引言2)Method/order:wayofarrangementMethod/order/pattern:content方法/布局→排列组合素材；支持句排列组合方式，内在的1)topicorder（subtitle）2)causalorder=causeandeffect3)spatialorder=spaceorder4)chronologicalorder=timeorder5)problemandsolution6)meansandends7)processandresult38)classification9)hierarchicalstructure分层次、等级的(fromleasttomost)10)antithesis对照（frompositivetonegative）11)progression递进：agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime一段时间内的变化发展过程12)comparisonandcontrast比较与对比13)bydefinition下定义Note：平行结构是指在论证某个观点或论题时，将其分解成具有一定联系的几个方面加以论述，而这几个方面都是从属于中心论题或观点的，他们之间地位平等，呈平行关系。英语中的平行结构指的是内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系的并列句。4.Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)Logicalrelationshipbetweentopicsentence(主题句永远都是what)andsupportingsentences(whyand/orhow)intheformof:what-why-how/what-how-why/what-how/what-why1)Causeandeffect因果关系=why&how2)Meansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的；过程和结果3)Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&why4)Problemandsolution=what&how5)Example=how4PS：本次期末考试（2018.7.3）的段落分析范围：第一课第三、十二段，第八课第二、四、六、八、十二段第一课的第三段：OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandestablishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.TopicEffect/InfluenceofInformationMarketplacePerspectiveIt/InformationMarketplaceandorganizationAspectPeopleandorganization{𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠Skill(s)Byexample;ByexampleMethod(s)Byclassification(内容上)andparallelism(句子结构上)Question(LogicRelationship)what–how–how第一课的第十二段：ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitsparts—theinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theypresentamuchgreaterpower—thepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilitytosendane-mailmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.TopicTheinfluenceofInformationMarketplacePerspectivepowerAspectFrommaterial(lifeandwork)tospiritual(pleasure)aspectsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)Hierarchicalstructure(从内容上)（theoryofMaslow）Question(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow5第八课的第一段：Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,Khmer