Exposition-高级英语

ExpositionDefinitionofExpositionTypesofExpositionMethodsofExpositionDefinitionofExposition•Expositionisexplanation•Toexplaintheobjectivecharacterandnatureofthings.（解释事物客观特征和本质）•Toclarifytheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofthings.（阐明事情发生和发展）•Thepurposeofexporsitionistoexpressacomplete,clear,objectiveandaccurateunderstandingofthingsandideas.（说明文的目的：表达一个完整、清晰、客观、准确的意见或报告一件事或情况）TypesofExpositionDictionary词典Advertisement广告Digest文摘Directions说明书DramaPlot剧情介绍ReviewofWork作品介绍Forms表格AppraisalofaProduct检验证书Abstract摘要Preface序言Notes注释Guide范例Treaty条约EntryinaDictionary条目Almanac历书MethodsofExposition1.Illustration举例2.Definition下定义3.Division&Classification分类法4.Ananalysisofcauses&effects因果分析5.Comparison&contrast比较和对比6.SequenceorProcess过程分析法1、Illustration•Illustrationistheuseofdetailedandconcrete（明确的）examplestoexplainanabstractpoint,andtopersuadeorconvincethereader.Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Forexample,machineshavemadeourlifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods-everything.Factoriesuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.1.Illustration例证法这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用Forexample或Forinstance等短语引导出具体的例子。这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。2.Definition•Definitionisamethodtoexplainatermthatmayhavevariousdenotativeorconnotativemeaningsorshadesofmeaning.•Thetermisusuallyabstract,ambiguousorcontroversial.2.定义法DefinitionAnidealteachermusthavethefollowingcharacteristics.Heshouldknowhissubject,buthecanmakemistakesifheiswillingtolearn.Hispersonalityisasimportantashisscholarship.Anidealteachermustbeenthusiastic.Heshouldbeabitofanactorandheshouldn'tbeafraidtoshowhisfeelingsandexpresshislikesanddislikes.Anidealteacherisonewhogrows,learns,andimproveshimselfalongwithhisstudents.下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。本段的展开是通过对一个模范教师下定义的方法,关键词idealteacher在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。3、Division&ClassificationDivisionisusedtodealwithonething.Purpose:toseparateathingintopartsStress:ondistinction（区别）;dealwithwhole.Classificationisusedtoorganizethingswhichsharecertainqualities.Purpose:groupthingssystematicallyStress:onsimilarities;dealwithparts.3.分类法Division&ClassificationAsfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavourofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtooidealistic.Thirdarethemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservativepeople)、自由派(liberalpeople)和温和派(moderatepeople),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。4AnAnalysisofCause&EffectAcause-effectessayisapieceofexpositorywritingshowingorexplainingthecause/effectofsomething.4.因果关系法Ananalysisofcauses&effectsOfthefourseasons,Ilikespringbest.Ipreferspringbecauseitisaseasonofmuchjoyandgaiety.Newlifeburstsouteverywhere.Plantswearagreencoatagainandcolourfulflowersblossomingardensandmountains.Theoldcomeoutdoorsforfreshairandtheyoungplanforoutdooractivities.Lifebecomessoenergeticandhappy.事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。常用because,as,since,so,nowthat,if...then,thereasonisthat...等表示因果关系。第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后,作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。6.ProcessAnalysisExplainhowtodosomethingorhowsomethingworks.5、Comparison&ContrastAcomparisonexplainshowthingsaresimilar.Acontrastexplainshowthingsaredifferent.Apapermaydealentirelywithsimilaritiesorwithdifferences.Howevertheyoftengotogetherinanessay,withstressononeortheother.5.比较对照法Comparison&contrastItiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentspublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫作比较;指出其不同点,叫作对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。这段采用先A后B的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比较平淡单调。6.SequenceorProcessTheauthorlistsitemsoreventsinnumericalorchronologicalorder.ClueWordsfirst,second,third;next;then;finally6.ProcessAnalysis过程分析法Thereareseveralstepstoplantatree.First,digaholelargeenoughforthetree,buttheholeshouldnotbetoodeep.Second,putthetreeintheholesothatitisstraight.Third,puttheearthbackintotheholeagain.Pushitdownhardwithyourfootseveraltimes.Finally,waterthetreewell,asoftenaspossible.过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是Whathappens;因果关系研究的对象是Whyithappens,而过程分析研究的对象是Howithappens。这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first,second,third,finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。ExpositionWritingSomeotherExpositoryOrganizationalPatternsmethodDescriptionClueWordsDescriptionTheauthordescribesatopicbylistingcharacteristics,features,andexamplesforexample,characteristicsareProblemandSolutionTh